Characteristics of nonpoint source pollution load from crop farming in the context of livelihood diversification

Based on objective data collected from interviews in typical villages of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the present study devised three livelihood scenarios related to rural transformation development: agriculturally dominant livelihood, multiple-type livelihood and non-agriculturally dominant livelihood. Moreover, the present study reports the trend characteristics of nonpoint source pollution load of crop farming in relation to the transformation of dominant livelihood types, and discussed the primary factors which affect livelihood type transformations. Results indicated the following: (1) The current farmland pattern shows a trend of diversification as self-cultivation, cropland transfer and fallow in the sample region. Dynamic characteristics of cultivated land present a special feature that is more “transfer-into” than “transfer-out”. Various scales of planting are represented among the various households, according to the following decreasing order: half-labor household > non-labor household > adequate labor household. (2) The highest pollution loading produced by crop farming occurs in half-labor households while the lowest occurs in non-labor households. With increasing labor, the pollution load per unit area tends to first increase and then decrease within families with enough labor. (3) As the type of livelihood transitions from agriculturally dominant to non-agriculturally dominant, the maximum reduction of total pollution loading produced by the agricultural industry can reach 72.01%. Compared to agriculturally dominant livelihoods, multiple-type livelihoods produce a pollution load reduction yield of 19.61%–29.85%, and non-agriculturally dominant livelihoods reduce the pollution load yield by 35.20%–72.01%. However, the rate of reduction of total nitrogen is not the same as total phosphorus. (4) The non-agricultural characteristics of labor allocation and income promote the transformation from dominant livelihood types to non-agricultural livelihoods, while potential revenue conversion follows a similar trend. In addition, different household types do not display identical conversion rates, according to the following decreasing order: enough labor household > half-labor household > non-labor household. (5) During rapid urbanization and the building of new industrial systems, the livelihood types of rural households have been further transformed to off-farm household types in the mountainous region; this process will lead to the further reduction of pollution load generated by planting and agriculture. Hence, significant decreases in the planting pollution load necessitate the development of control measures to enhance transformations from agricultural to off-farm livelihoods.     

Two types of marine controlled source electromagnetic transmitters

Marine controlled source electromagnetic methods are used to derive the electrical properties of a wide range of sub‐seafloor targets, including gas hydrate reservoirs. In most marine controlled source electromagnetic surveys, the deep‐tow transmitter is used with a long horizontal electric dipole being towed above the seafloor, which is capable of transmitting dipole moments in the order of up to several thousand ampere‐metres. The newly developed deployed transmitter uses two horizontal orthogonal electrical dipoles and can land on the seafloor. It can transmit higher frequency electromagnetic signals, can provide accurate transmission orientation, and can obtain higher signal stacking, which compensates for the shorter source dipole length. In this paper, we present the study, key technologies, and implementation details of two new marine controlled source electromagnetic transmitters (the deep‐tow transmitter and the deployed transmitter). We also present the results of a marine controlled source electromagnetic experiment conducted from April to May 2014 in the South China Sea using both the deep‐tow transmitter and the deployed transmitter, which show that the two types of marine transmitters can be used as effective source for gas hydrate exploration.     

2007—2019年山东省短时强降水时空分布特征

选用山东 123 个国家级地面气象观测站 2007—2019 年地面逐小时降水资料,分析短时强降水分布特征,主要结论如下：1）其间共有 695 个短时强降水日、3 337 个短时强降水时次和 6 257 个短时强降水样本,基于排序法确定山东省极端短时强降水间值为 71.2 mm ? h-1,鲁东南地区间值最高,鲁中地区间值最低。2）各站年均发生 3.9 次短时强降水天气,鲁东南地区短时强降水和极端短时强降水发生频次最多,半岛地区短时强降水发生最少,鲁西南地区极端短时强降水发生最少。3）短时强降水集中出现在 6 月中旬至 8 月下旬,又以 8 月上旬最多。4）日变化显著,呈现典型 “双峰” 特征,主要集中在午后至傍晚,其次是后半夜;6 月中旬至 8 月下旬傍晚和后半夜发生短时强降水的可能性大,需重点关注。     

Carbon isotopes and lignin phenols for tracing the floods during the past 70 years in the middle reach of the Changjiang River

The Lake Tian E Zhou(TEZ,an oxbow lake)was formed during the rerouting of the Changjiang River in 1972,with strong influences from the main river channel and flood events.Herein,a sediment core was collected from the Lake TEZ for the measurements of carbon isotopes and biomarkers,including stable carbon isotopes(δ13C),radiocarbon composition(?14C),and lignin phenols,as well as lead-210 to reconstruct recent heavy flood events over the past 70 years.At the 24–26 cm interval,the sediment contained the highest OC%,TN%,and lignin phenols content,as well as significantly depleted 13C but enriched 14C,corresponding to the extreme flood event in 1998.In addition,statistics from t-test showed that lignin phenols normalized to OC(Λ8),the concentration of 3,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid(3,5-BD),and the ratio of p-hydroxy benzophenone to total hydroxyl phenols(PHB/HP)were all significantly different between the layers containing flood deposits and the layers deposited under normal non-flood conditions(p<0.05).These results indicate that the later three parameters are highly related to flood events and can be used as compelling proxies,along with sediment chronology,for hydrological changes and storm/flood events in the river basin and coastal marine environments.     

碾子沟金红石矿床蚀变作用的基本特征及其与成矿的关系

矿区蚀变岩分为细晶直闪(片)岩、粗晶直闪(片)岩、绿泥片岩及滑石(片)岩4大类;一般绿泥片岩位于蚀变带边部,滑石(片)岩位于中部,直闪(片)岩位于二者之间;含矿岩石主要为直闪(片)岩、次为滑石(片)岩,绿泥片岩富含铁质矿物。蚀变作用过程划为细晶直闪石化、粗晶直闪石化、绿泥石化、滑石化及斜长石化5个阶段,前4个阶段分别形成了上述4类蚀变岩,后一阶段仅形成了矿物细脉;形成金红石的主要为滑石化、次为粗晶直闪石化及细晶直闪石化,斜长石化形成的甚微。高温热液使深部及围岩中的钛向成矿部位富集,蚀变过程中铁与钛的分离及滑石化在直闪(片)岩等上的叠加,是主要成矿作用。据蚀变岩分布规律分析,碾子沟地区应有较好成矿远景。     

福建沿岸地区红树林的种类与分布

于1998年11月至1999年1月对福建沿岸地区的红树林进行了调查,就福建红树林的种类组成、面积、分布情况、人工造林情况进行了论述,并就制约福建发展红树林的因素及解决方法提出了一些建议。     

河南某大型裂隙岩溶水源地地下水位动态分析

青多水源地岩溶地下水是济源市的主要供水水源,研究其地下水位动态变化特征及影响因素对地下水资源合理开发及生态环境保护意义重大,探明蟒河口水库是否补给水源地对城市安全供水具有重要意义。依托河南某大型裂隙岩溶水源地多年逐月（1994年6月—2019年12月）地下水位动态监测资料,对不同阶段、不同时段的地下水位动态进行分析,采用逐步回归分析方法定量确定水源地地下水位动态的影响因素,建立水位动态预测的逐步回归方程。结果表明:①第一阶段（蟒河口水库蓄水前）,水源地地下水位主要受降水和开采影响。其中,第1时段（1994年6月—2005年12月）,水源地开采量约2×104 m3/d,地下水位主要受降水量影响,开采量影响较小;第2时段（2006年1月—2014年8月）,水源地开采量由2.2×104 m3/d逐渐增大到约6.5×104 m3/d,地下水位受开采和降水双重因素影响,总体呈现下降趋势。②第二阶段（蟒河口水库蓄水后）,水源地开采量由2014年8月的6.5×104 m3/d增大到2019年6月的8.8×104 m3/d,岩溶地下水位不降反升,其水位主要受蟒河口水库蓄水和降水影响,开采量影响甚微。在不考虑蟒河口水库蓄水影响的情况下,应用建立的逐步回归方程对水源地地下水位进行预测,蟒河口水库蓄水后实测的水源地地下水位高于预测水位,并从水源地水文地质条件、蟒河口水库蓄水水位、水质特征等方面论证了蟒河口水库的补给效果。本研究可为水源地地下水资源评价、水资源可持续利用和管理提供科学依据,也可为类似地区地下水动态研究提供参考。     

异常高压驱动石油运移成藏——鄂尔多斯盆地延长组多相态烃类沸腾包裹体证据

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组裂隙充填的方解石脉中含有大量多相态烃类包裹体,包括固体沥青+液态油+气态烃3相包裹体、气/液比差别很大(最小仅为5%,最大超过70%)的液态油+气态烃二相包裹体以及纯液态油包裹体、盐水+液态油+气态烃3相包裹体等。岩相学观察表明,这些不同相态烃类包裹体是被同时捕获形成的共生不混溶包裹体,气/液比不同的烃类包裹体具有相近的均一温度,分布范围较小(74 ℃～117 ℃),综合分析认为它们是在沸腾状态下被同时捕获的。不同相态烃类包裹体显微傅里叶红外光谱和荧光光谱不同,表明其烃类成分的差异。油/源对比研究表明烃类包裹体与长8油层的原油均来源于长7烃源岩。结合盆地区域构造演化分析认为,延长组长7油层组厚层烃源岩层在埋藏热演化和油气形成过程中出现的过剩压力,在早白垩世油气形成高峰阶段达到顶峰,鄂尔多斯盆地在晚白垩世抬升和剥蚀产生的卸载作用导致延长组长7烃源岩层在超高压下破裂,其中积聚的石油因压力突降而沸腾并沿裂隙排出并运移进入特低渗致密砂岩储层成藏。     

利用GPS精化区域似大地水准面

基于原有似大地水准面,在区域设计一些具有高精度的GPS大地高和水准高的公共点,采用数学拟合方法可得该区域似大地水准面的精化模型。由精化后的似大地水准面可得到区域内任一GPS测点的水准高程,从而代替五等水准测量和三角高程测量。     

Random Difference of the Trace Element Distribution in Skarn and Marbles from Shizishan Orefield,Anhui Province,China

Spatial distribution patterns of element concentrations can reflect the information of the mineralization processes. Both the Hurst exponent calculated by R/S analysis and the generalized fractal dimension calculated by using the multifractal model are important parameters for describing the spatial distribution of elements. Five long drill holes, named as M1, S1, S2,S3, and S4, have been selected in the Shizishan (狮子山) skarn orefield in Tongling (铜陵), Anhui (安徽) Province, China. Marbles are well developed around MI and skarn rocks are largely distributed along S1, S2, S3, and S4 drill holes. The drill holes were sampled evenly with an interval of 10 m and 16 trace elements have been measured. The mean of the △D(q) (the height of the generalized dimension spectrum) in the MI drill hole is the lowest. In addition, the mean of the Hurst exponents of the 16 elements in the MI drill hole is also much smaller than that of S1, S2, S3, S4 drill holes, which is in accordance with the analysis of the generalized dimension. It is indicated by the generalized dimension and Hurst exponent that the distribution of trace elements in the marbles is more random than that in the skarn. The result suggests that the mineralization process can change the randomness and persistence features of the element distribution.