A geochemical model of mid-ocean ridge magma chambers

A computer model of mid-ocean ridge basalt generation using trace element geochemistry has been developed. The model simulates a periodically replenished, continually cooled and fractionated magma chamber, with periodic lava extrusion. Primitive basalts from the ocean floor are used to generate likely evolution paths for the magma chamber. The steady state variant of this model has led to the isolation of several variables which critically affect the basalt composition. Although the fraction of cumulates is an important parameter, other variables such as the volume of incoming magma batches, their frequency, and the volume of the mixing cell, play a critical part especially on slow-spreading ridges. The growing magma chamber model uses random number generators to simulate the initiation and growth of a chamber. This model predicts a rapid increase in incompatible element concentrations, immediately after chamber initiation on a fast-spreading ridge. This would occur in situations such as propagating rifts and may help in the understanding of ferrobasalt generation.     

The Barnacle,Balanus subalbidus,as a salinity bioindicator in the Oligohaline Estuarine Zone

The distribution and size of the barnacle Balanus subalbidus were studies along salinity gradients in coastal Louisiana and Mississippi. It was common in gradient estuaries occurring in salinities ranging from near fresh water to 16 ppt. It was the dominant barnacle species in the oligohaline zone, but at salinities above 6 ppt its relative abundance decreased and it was replaced by B. improvicus and B. eburneus. Its low-salinity limit corresponded to the boundary between the oligohaline and fresh water estuarine salinity zones and there was a high negative correlation between size (basal rostral-carinal diameter) and salinity. Its size and distribution could be used to determine prevailing salinity at a site because of its abundance and uniform distribution in oligohaline areas.     

The inner city: In search of the problem

This paper explores the theoretical content of the inner-city debate in Britain and seeks to examine the extent to which the ‘problem’ is either new or primarily economic. It is argued that the inner-city issue, while subject to specific political and ideological forces, is associated with the general processes of uneven capitalist development. In this sense, metropolitan decline is a further manifestation of the relationship between the built environment, the transience of economic activity and social change. More specifically the decline of the inner city relates to the incipient role of Britain in the development of capitalism and its current position in the world economy. The emergence of this as a ‘problem’ for the British state is combined with a convenient spatial determinism, which isolates the inner city as an anomaly even as the search for palliatives is erected to the status of a major social task.     

Survival,duration of larval stages,and size of postlarvae of grass shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio,reared from kepone® contaminated and uncontaminated populations in Chesapeake Bay

Replicate groups of larvae from each of three female grass shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio, collected at each of six sites within Chesapeake Bay were reared in the laboratory to metamorphosis at 25°C, 25 ppt salinity. They were provided with approximately 300Artemia nauplii/larva/day. Sites were selected to provide both suspected Kepone^® contaminated and non-contamined shrimp populations. A sample of eggs, adult females with and without eggs, and newly hatched larvae from each site were analyzed by Virginia Institute of Marine Science for Kepone as were postlarvae obtained through laboratory rearings. Females and eggs from the James River had highest concentrations of Kepone (0.63 and 0.47 ppm, respectively) with samples from the Lafayette River at the mouth of the James River having the second highest levels (0.04 and 0.4 ppm). Concentrations in ovigerous females and eggs in the populations most distant from the James (mouth of Potomac and upper Potomac River) were at or below the limits of detectability (0.001 to 0.015 ppm). In laboratory reared postlarvae from each site, concentrations of Kepone were undetectable. Despite these apparent differences in Kepone concentrations in the various populations we found no significant differences in larval survival, larval duration, or length of post-larvae attributable to site of origin. Highly significant differences in larval duration and size of post-larvae were attributable to parental variation.     

Age of the last major scabland flood of the Columbia Plateau in eastern Washington

Pumice layers of set S from Mount St. Helens can be correlated with certain ash beds associated with young flood deposits of the channeled scabland. The correlation points to an age of about 13,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. for the last major flood to have crossed the scabland. Until recently, the last major episode of flooding was thought to be closer to 20,000 yr B.P., an age inferred chiefly from the relation of the flood to glacial events of the northern Rocky Mountains. Several investigations within the last few years have suggested that the last major flood occurred well after 20,000 yr B.P. Tentative correlations of ash beds of the scabland with set S pumice layers, the relations of flood and glacial events along the northwestern margin of the Columbia Plateau, and a radiocarbon date from the Snake River drainage southeast of the plateau all indicate an age much younger than 20,000 yr. The postulated age of about 13,000 yr B.P. is further supported by a radiocarbon date in the Columbia River valley downstream from the scabland tract. Basal peat from a bog on the Portland delta of Bretz, which is a downvalley deposit of the last major scabland flood, has been dated as 13,080 ± 300 yr B.P. (W-3404).     

Eine numerische Approximation der monsunerzeugten Zirkulationen im Arabischen Meer

Zusammenfassung In Anwendung eines einfachen numerischen Zweischichtenmodells auf den Nordteil des Arabischen Meeres wurden Massentransporte, Oberflächen- und Sprungschichtlage unter Vorgabe monsunaler Wind- und Luftdruckverteilungen berechnet. Das Modell basiert auf den vertikal integrierten Kontinuitäts- und Bewegungsgleichungen. Für beide Monsune ergeben sich Massentransportrichtungen und Sprungschichtlageänderungen in qualitativer Übereinstimmung mit den Beobachtungen:Im Falle des SW-Monsuns resultiert eine beachtliche Anhebung der Sprungschicht nicht nur vor der arabischen Küste, sondern in geringerem Maße auch vor der indischen Küste im Bereich starker südöstlicher Oberflächenströmung. — Das Modell für den NE-Monsun enthält den südwestlichen Ausstrom der Oberschicht vor der arabischen Küste ebenso wie den südöstlichen Ausstrom vor der indischen Küste.

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A numerical approximation of the monsoon-generated circulation in the Arabian Sea

Summary By applying a simple two-layered numerical model to the northern part of the Arabian Sea, the mass transports and the elevations of the sea level and the pycnocline have been computed from prescribed monsoonal wind and air pressure distributions. The model is based on the vertically integrated (primitive) equations of motion and continuity; it starts with the ocean at rest. For both the monsoons it gives the mass transports and the elevations in qualitative agreement with known observations:In the case of SW-monsoon we get a considerable elevation of the pycnocline not only in front of the Arabian shore but also a slightly smaller one within the branch of the relatively strong south-eastern surface current that develops near the Indian coast.—The model of the NE-monsoon contains the south-westerly outflow of the surface layer in front of the Arabian coast as well as its south-easterly outflow in front of the Indian coast.

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Une approximation numérique des circulations dues aux moussons dans la mer d'Arabie

Résumé Au moyen d'un simple modèle numérique à deux couches sur la partie Nord de la mer d'Arabie, on a calculé les transports de masses, et les positions des couches superficielles et de transition à partir des distributions de pression atmosphérique et de vent de mousson. Le modèle s'appuie sur l'intégration verticale des équations de continuité et de mouvement. Pour les deux moussons il résulte que les directions des transports de masse et les modifications de position de la couche de transition sont en concordance qualitative avec les observations:Dans le cas de la mousson de SW on trouve une remontée sensible de la couche de transition non seulement devant la côte arabe, mais aussi, dans une moindre mesure, devant la côte indienne dans la zone de fort courant de surface portant au SE. — Le modèle pour la mousson de NE contient le flux de sortie SW de la couche superficielle devant la côte arabe ainsi que le flux de sortie SE devant la côte indienne.

     

Structural evolution of the Simla klippe in the lower Himalayas

The rocks of the Jutogh Series in the Simla area have been involved in folding of three generations and metamorphism in two phases. The earliest structures are isoclinal, recumbent/reclined folds (F₁) with a shallow plunge toward east or west where least reoriented. The axial surfaces of these folds have been folded coaxially into open, upright antiforms and synforms (F₂), which become tight to isoclinal in the northern part, causing local involution. The F₁ and F₂ folds have been affected by conjugate and chevron folding (F₃) with an overall NS strike of axial planes, resulting in axial culminations and depressions of the early folds. Axial plane foliation related to F₁ folding and transposition schistosities parallel to the axial planes of the F₂ and F₃ folds are the planar deformation structures that have developed. Cross stratification at one contact of two rock-units suggests that the structure of the Jutogh Series in the largest scale is a recumbent syncline, the peaks of Taradevi, Jutogh and Prospect Hill representing the inverted limb.The Jutogh rocks are surrounded and structurally underlain by the rocks of the Chail Series. The open, synformal nature of the Jutogh-Chail boundary in contrast with the complex fold-geometry within the Jutogh Series, tearing-off of the largescale early folds and sharp break in the first metamorphism at the Jutogh-Chail contact, and widespread cataclasis all along the border prove that the Jutogh Series has been thrust over the Chail Series forming a klippe in the Simla area. Continuation of the second metamorphism and the third folding across the Jutogh thrust indicates that the thrusting preceded F₃ and was broadly coeval with the F₂ movement.An unrestricted southward transport could generate the F₁ recumbent folds. The F₂ folds point to a flattening in the waning phase of the overthrust movement in broadly the same plan of deformation. The F₃ folds indicate a compression in an EW direction in the last phase of deformation.

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Zusammenfassung Die Gesteine der Jutogh-Serie im Gebiet von Simla wurden von drei Faltungs- und zwei Metamorphosephasen betroffen. Die ältesten Strukturen sind isoklinale, liegende bis geneigte Falten (F₁) mit flachem Achsentauchen nach E oder W in den am wenigsten überprägten Bereichen. Die Achsenflächen dieser Falten wurden koaxial zu offenen, aufrechten Anti- und Synformen verbogen (F₂). Im nördlichen Teil werden diese eng bis isoklinal, was zu lokaler Involution führt. Die F₂- und F₂-Falten wurden durch paarige Knicksowie Zickzackfalten (F₃) mit generell N-S-streichenden Achsenflächen überprägt, wodurch in den älteren Falten Achsenkulminationen und -depressionen entstanden. An den Achsenflächen von F₁ ausgerichtete Spaltbarkeit und Umformungsschieferang parallel zu den Achsenflächen von F₂ und F₃ haben sich als planare Deformationsstrukturen entwickelt. Aus der Schrägschichtung am Kontakt zweier Gesteinseinheiten ist zu schließen, daß die Jutogh-Serie im ganzen eine liegende Synklinale bildet. Die Gipfel von Taradevi, Jutogh und Prospect Hill liegen in deren überlapptem Schenkel.Gesteine der Chail-Serie umgeben und unterlagern die Jutogh-Gesteine. Die offene, synformale Grenze zwischen Jutogh und Chail im Gegensatz zu der komplexen Faltengeometrie innerhalb der Jutogh-Serie, das Abreißen großmaßstäblicher alter Falten sowie das scharfe Absetzen der ersten Metamorphosephase am Jutogh-Chail-Kontakt und die verbreitete Kataklase überall an der Grenze beweisen, daß die Jutogh-Serie auf die Chail-Serie überschoben wurde und im Gebiet von Simla eine Klippe bildet. Die Auswirkungen der zweiten Metamorphosephase und der dritten Faltung über die Basis des Jutogh hinweg zeigen an, daß die Überschiebung vor F₃ und annähernd gleichzeitig mit den F₂-Bewegungen einzustufen ist.Die liegenden F₁-Falten konnten durch eine unbehinderte Verschiebung nach Süden entstehen. Die F₂-Falten weisen auf eine Pressung in der Spätphase der Überschiebungsbewegungen mit etwa gleichem Deformationsplan hin. Die F₃-Falten zeigen einen ost-westlichen Zusammenschub während der letzten Deformationsphase an.

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Résumé Les roches de la série Jutogh dans la région de Simla ont subi trois phases de plissement et deux phases de métamorphisme. Les plus anciennes structures sont des plis isoclinaux couchés à déversés (F₁), à faible plongement d'axe vers l'E et l'W dans les parties les moins remaniées. Les surfaces axiales de ces plis ont été reployés suivant les mêmes axes en plis antiformes et synformes, droits et ouverts (F₂). Dans la partie N, ces derniers se resserrent jusqu'à devenir isoclinaux, ce qui conduit à des involutions locales. Les plissements F₁ et F₂ sont remaniés par des plis en chevrons ou en zigzag (F₃) à surface axiale de direction Nord-Sud; il naît de la sorte dans les plis anciens des culminations et des dépressions d'axes. Une fissilité suivant les surfaces axiales de F₁ et une schistosité parallèle aux surfaces axiales de F₂ et F₃ se sont développées en tant que structures planaires de déformation. La stratification entrecroisée au contact des unités lithologiques permet de dire que la Série de Jutogh dans son ensemble constitue un synclinal couché. Les sommets Taradevi, Jutogh et Prospect Hill se trouvent sur le flanc renversé.Les roches de la Série de Chail entourent et forment le substratum des roches de Jutogh. L'allure synforme et ouverte dessinée par la limite entre les Séries de Jutogh et de Chail opposée à la géométrie plissée complexe de l'intérieur de la Série de Jutogh, l'étirement à grande échelle des plis anciens comme aussi la diminution nette de la première phase de métamorphisme au contact Jutogh-Chail et la cataclase générale à leur limite, démontrent que la série de Jutogh a été charriée sur la série de Chail et qu'elle forme un lambeau dans la région de Simla. Les effets de la 2ème phase de métamorphisme et du troisième plissement à partir de la base de la série de Jutogh montrent que le charriage est intervenu avant les mouvements F₃ et à peu près en même temps que les mouvements F₂.Les plis couchés F₁ purent se produire grâce à une poussée sans opposition vers le Sud. Les plis F₂ indiquent un écaillage au cours de la phase tardive des mouvements de charriage suivant le même plan de la déformation. Les plis F₃ montrent une compression Est-Ouest pendant la dernière phase de déformation.

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Jutogh Simla 3 2 . —, , (F₁) E, W . (F₂). , , . F₁ F₂ , (F₃), N-S , . , F₁ F₂ F₃, . , Jutogh . Taradevi, Jutogh Prospect Hill . Chail Jutogh. Jutogh Chail Jutogh, Jutogh/Chail , Jutogh Chail Simla Klippe. Jutogh , , F₃, , F₂. F₁ . F₂ . F₃ , - .