Long‐term water budget imbalances and error sources for cold region drainage basins

This study assessed the long‐term (1979–2008) water budget closures for 19 large cold region drainage basins in Canada using recently developed datasets for precipitation (P), land surface evapotranspiration and water surface evaporation, and observed streamflow. Total water storage (TWS) trends from the GRACE satellite observations were also used to assist the assessment. The objectives are to quantify the magnitudes and spatial patterns of the water budget imbalance (ε) and its source of errors for these cold region basins. Results showed that the water budget was closed within 10% of the P on average for all the basins. The ε showed a general pattern of positive values in the south and negative values in the north and mountainous regions over the country. Basins with large ε values were mostly found in the north. Uncertainties in the water budget variables, particularly P, were found to play a major role in the ε. Significant trends in TWS were found over 11 basins, which accounted for 31% of their ε on average. Improvements in the observation network, data quality assurance, and spatial models for P are critical for further improving the water budget closure for the cold region drainage basins. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Hydrological Processes. © John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Yukon River Basin long‐term (1977–2006) hydrologic and climatic analysis

In this study, long‐term discharge data and climate records, such as temperature and precipitation during 1977–2006, have been used to define basin climatic and hydrologic regimes and changes. Discharge analyses at four key gauging stations (Eagle, Stevens Village, Nenana, and Pilot Station) in the Yukon River Basin show that the runoff in the cold season (November to April) is low with small variations, whereas it is high (28 500–177 000 ft³/s; 810–5000 m³/s) with high fluctuations in the warm season (May to October). The Stevens Village Station is in the upper basin and has similar changes with the flow near basin outlet. Flow increases in May (61 074 ft³/s; 1729 m³/s) and September (23 325 ft³/s; 660 m³/s); and decreases in July (35 174 ft³/s; 996 m³/s) and August (6809 ft³/s; 193 m³/s). Discharge in May at the Pilot Station (near the basin outlet) shows a positive trend (177 000 ft³/s; 5010 m³/s). Daily flow analyses show high fluctuation during the warm season and very low flow during the cold season; the 10‐year average analyses of daily flow at Pilot Station show a small increase in the peak and its timing shifted to a little earlier date. The annual flow, average of 227 900 ft³/s (6450 m³/s) with high inter‐annual fluctuations, has increased by 18 200 ft³/s (or 8%; 520 m³/s) during 1977–2006. From 1977 to 2006, basin air temperature in June has increased by 3.9 °F (2.2 °C) and decreased by 10.5 °F (5.8 °C) in January. A strong and positive correlation exists between air temperature in April and discharge in May, whereas a strong and negative correlation relates August temperature and September discharge. Negative trend during 1977–2006 is observed for precipitation in June (0.6 in.; 15 mm) with a confidence over 93%. Precipitation in August and September has strong and positive correlations with discharge in September and October at basin outlet; the precipitation in other months has weak correlation with the discharge. The mean annual precipitation during 1977–2006 increased by 1.1 in. (or 8%; 28 mm), which contributes to the annual flow increase during the study period. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characters of fluid inclusions in quartz veins in pyroclastic rock of Budate Group, Hailar Basin

It was adopted that the fluorescence microscope, Gas-Flow Heating/Freezing System, Laser-Raman Spectroscopy, etc. are the multimedia techniques for analysing fluid inclusions of quartz veins in Budate Group, Hailar Basin. The results show that fluid inclusions in quartz veins are small ( 1～5μm) monophase, two-phase (liquid vapour) aqueous inclusions; the two-phase aqueous inclusions homogcniese to the liquid phase between 120 ～ 180℃, two dominant types for oil inclusions were determined in quartz veins: ① the primary inclusions, almostly gas, measurement by Laser-Raman Spectroscopy show that both gas phase are enriched in CH4 (94.50%～99.25% ) and C6H6 (0.75%～2.70%), under these conditions, inclusions may have come from juvenile fliud followingly the quartz veins formation. While the quartz veins exhibiting different striking luminescence has been proved by cathodoluminescence, it would be impossible to come from the deep magmas and strata. ② aqueous, liquid and two-phase (liquid vapour) oil inclusions, belong to secondary hydrocarbon inclusions. The oil inclusions of this stage represent mainly the large scale of oil accumulation, located within the quartz microfracture.     

Petroleum exploration potential of Tamtsag Basin

The Tamtsag Basin is located in the extreme eastern portion of the Mongolia. The Basin and its counterpart in China (the Hailar Basin) are united a whole basin on the structural setting. In recent years,the Tamtsag Basin attracts more and more attention with the important exploration discovered in the 19^th block by SOCO and in Hailar Basin of China. This paper discusses the exploration potential of Tamtsag Basin from the viewpoint of petroleum geology.     

汶川8.0级地震及强余震破裂方式与引潮力之间的关系

By calculating the azimuth,phase angle and change rate of tidal force,and contrasting their rupture types,we find that in 6 of 11 reverse faulting earthquakes,the angles between the direction of the horizontal tidal force and compressive principal stress are within 33°,the vertical phase angles of all 8 strike-slip earthquakes are in the upward peak section and the vertical phase angles of two extensional normal faulting earthquakes are in the downward peak section.According to the above statistics,the mechanism of tidal force triggering of the Wenchuan MS8.0 Earthquake and its strong aftershocks is discussed.     

多轨道集成PS-InSAR监测高速公路沿线地面沉降研究——以京沪高速公路（北京——河北）为例

监测和治理公路等线性工程沿线地面沉降已成为保障线性工程正常运营的一项重要基础性工作。本文以京沪公路为实验区,基于2008-2010年相邻轨道的ENVISAT ASAR数据,利用多轨道PS-InSAR集成方法成功提取了京沪公路（北京-河北）沿线的沉降速率图和沉降剖面图。实验结果表明,该方法不仅统一了不同轨道间影像的坐标系与参考基准,而且使跨轨道、多幅影像的大范围PS-InSAR监测成为现实。同时,确认了京沪公路（北京-河北）沿线的9个沉降中心,分析了沿线6km范围内的地面沉降情况,该结果与已有研究吻合。因此, PS-InSAR集成方法丰富了线性工程沿线地面沉降的监测手段,可为线性工程的正常运营提供基础性数据。     

地基雷达干涉测量技术在滑坡灾后稳定性评估中的应用

针对2014-09-01大树场镇大面积山体滑坡灾后稳定性,从IBIS-L地基雷达形变测量原理和关键技术(步进频率连续波和合成孔径雷达)入手,给出地基InSAR数据处理流程,获得了滑坡灾后高精度、高时空分辨率的形变演化特征,测量精度达到亚mm级。地基InSAR结果表明,滑坡体滑动幅度较大的区域位于滑坡体左侧中上部(120mm)和右侧中上部(75mm)。滑动主要由堆积松散土在裂隙水、雨水等作用下造成,产生较大次生灾害的可能性较小。     

基于海事大数据的港口感知计算

随着港口信息化建设的推进,积累了大量来源多样、结构各异的海事大数据,为了解港口城市的生产力和区域经济发展水平提供了新的契机。本文综合介绍了作者近期关于如何利用海事大数据进行港口感知计算的工作,给出了一个基于海事大数据的港口感知计算框架,利用船舶GPS轨迹、船舶属性、港口地理信息和港口设施参数等多源异构海事大数据,估算出一系列反映港口生产力的指标,从而对港口进行综合评价和比较。首先,利用船舶轨迹和港口地理信息数据,自动检测船舶在港口码头中的靠泊装卸事件;然后,利用船舶属性和港口设施数据,自动估计出每次靠泊装卸事件的货物吞吐量;最后,对各个港口码头的靠泊船数和货物吞吐量进行统计,从而计算出一系列港口生产力指标,包括到港船数、货物吞吐量、码头作业效率和泊位利用率等。在2011年的海事大数据上的实验结果表明,本框架能准确地估算出上述港口生产力指标。同时,以香港为例对上述港口的生产力指标进行分析,探讨基于海事大数据的港口感知计算框架在提高港口生产效率、优化海运航线中的积极作用。     

基于GF-6的植被覆盖度遥感估测研究

GF-6号卫星是近年来投入运行的国产卫星,其遥感影像的空间分辨率、时空分辨率较高,但基于该卫星数据的应用研究并不多见.本次研究以GF-6号卫星WFV数据为数据源,基于归一化植被指数和像元二分模型对甘肃民勤典型干旱地区的植被覆盖度进行遥感估测,利用置信度法获取像元二分模型的关键参数对植被覆盖度遥感提取结果的影响进行分析....     

遥感多指标评价模型在高原地区给水站选址中的应用

为满足藏北高原地区给水站快速选址的需求,从该区气象水文、地质环境和地貌条件出发,对给水站选址的遥感多指标评价模型进行了优化,减小了模型复杂度和遥感信息提取的工作量。采用模糊评价算法对各指标进行规范化,构建高原地区给水站选址多指标评价模型; 采用加权合成算法计算给水站选址评估指数。研究区实地勘查表明,选址评估指数的验证结果与理论分析结果一致,该模型在高原地区给水站选址中具有较好的应用效果。