中国大地测量数据处理60年重要进展第一部分：函数模型和随机模型进展

大地测量函数模型与随机模型是大地测量数据处理必须要涉及的模型。经过60年不懈努力,中国学者根据大地测量应用实际,构建和改进了许多函数模型,如广义测量平差模型、等价观测方程、非线性平差模型等;在方差分量估计和误差检验方面做了大量创新性工作,如基于Bayes估计的方差分量估计、拟准误差检验等,丰富了测量平差理论与方法。这一部分重点介绍建国60年来中国学者在大地测量数据处理函数模型、随机模型和误差检验方面所取得的成就。     

物流车辆监控系统中电子地图多级显示的研究

探讨了电子地图显示中一种多级比例尺地图数据的构建方式,设计了一套多级地图符号及一种高效的数据组织结构,制作了图形输出的试验模块,实现了全国海量地图数据的多级缩放和地图操作的快速响应。     

行政区划图自动着色的混合遗传算法

结合贪心算法的局部搜索能力与遗传算法的全局搜索能力,研究了政区图四色着色问题的混合遗传算法,并在此基础上提出了一些改进措施。试验结果表明,这种混合遗传算法能有效地解决行政区划图自动着色问题,并取得了较好的结果。     

流域耗水平衡方法与应用

流域水量平衡分析是水资源现状评价与水资源合理调度研究工作中的-个核心.本文基于遥感技术估算的蒸散,结合监测统计数据,提出了流域耗水平衡方法,以海河流域为例进行了2002年-2007年流域及子流域的耗水平衡分析,流域多年平均蓄变量为-62.3亿m3,其中农业生产是流域水资源消耗的主要因素,占耗水总量的54.3%,年际变动范围较小(-5%-8%).通过流域蓄变量变化和流域蒸散结构的分析,揭示海河流域存在的水资源问题,为流域水资源管理和节水型社会建设耗水控制和节水方案提出建议.     

Dynamic positioning configuration and its first-order optimization

Traditional geodetic network optimization deals with static and discrete control points. The modern space geodetic network is, on the other hand, composed of moving control points in space (satellites) and on the Earth (ground stations). The network configuration composed of these facilities is essentially dynamic and continuous. Moreover, besides the position parameter which needs to be estimated, other geophysical information or signals can also be extracted from the continuous observations. The dynamic (continuous) configuration of the space network determines whether a particular frequency of signals can be identified by this system. In this paper, we employ the functional analysis and graph theory to study the dynamic configuration of space geodetic networks, and mainly focus on the optimal estimation of the position and clock-offset parameters. The principle of the D-optimization is introduced in the Hilbert space after the concept of the traditional discrete configuration is generalized from the finite space to the infinite space. It shows that the D-optimization developed in the discrete optimization is still valid in the dynamic configuration optimization, and this is attributed to the natural generalization of least squares from the Euclidean space to the Hilbert space. Then, we introduce the principle of D-optimality invariance under the combination operation and rotation operation, and propose some D-optimal simplex dynamic configurations: (1) (Semi) circular configuration in 2-dimensional space; (2) the D-optimal cone configuration and D-optimal helical configuration which is close to the GPS constellation in 3-dimensional space. The initial design of GPS constellation can be approximately treated as a combination of 24 D-optimal helixes by properly adjusting the ascending node of different satellites to realize a so-called Walker constellation. In the case of estimating the receiver clock-offset parameter, we show that the circular configuration, the symmetrical cone configuration and helical curve configuration are still D-optimal. It shows that the given total observation time determines the optimal frequency (repeatability) of moving known points and vice versa, and one way to improve the repeatability is to increase the rotational speed. Under the Newton’s law of motion, the frequency of satellite motion determines the orbital altitude. Furthermore, we study three kinds of complex dynamic configurations, one of which is the combination of D-optimal cone configurations and a so-called Walker constellation composed of D-optimal helical configuration, the other is the nested cone configuration composed of n cones, and the last is the nested helical configuration composed of n orbital planes. It shows that an effective way to achieve high coverage is to employ the configuration composed of a certain number of moving known points instead of the simplex configuration (such as D-optimal helical configuration), and one can use the D-optimal simplex solutions or D-optimal complex configurations in any combination to achieve powerful configurations with flexile coverage and flexile repeatability. Alternately, how to optimally generate and assess the discrete configurations sampled from the continuous one is discussed. The proposed configuration optimization framework has taken the well-known regular polygons (such as equilateral triangle and quadrangular) in two-dimensional space and regular polyhedrons (regular tetrahedron, cube, regular octahedron, regular icosahedron, or regular dodecahedron) into account. It shows that the conclusions made by the proposed technique are more general and no longer limited by different sampling schemes. By the conditional equation of D-optimal nested helical configuration, the relevance issues of GNSS constellation optimization are solved and some examples are performed by GPS constellation to verify the validation of the newly proposed optimization technique. The proposed technique is potentially helpful in maintenance and quadratic optimization of single GNSS of which the orbital inclination and the orbital altitude change under the precession, as well as in optimally nesting GNSSs to perform global homogeneous coverage of the Earth.     

A closed-form of Newton method for solving over-determined pseudo-distance equations

The Newton method has been widely used for solving nonlinear least-squares problem. In geodetic adjustment, one would prefer to use the Gauss–Newton method because of the parallel with linear least-squares problem. However, it is proved in theory as well as in practice that the Gauss–Newton method has slow convergence rate and low success rate. In this paper, the over-determined pseudo-distance equations are solved by nonlinear methods. At first, the convergence of decent methods is discussed after introducing the conditional equation of nonlinear least squares. Then, a compacted form of the Hessian matrix from the second partial derivates of the pseudo-distance equations is given, and a closed-form of Newton method is presented using the compacted Hessian matrix to save the computation and storage required by Newton method. At last, some numerical examples to investigate the convergence and success rate of the proposed method are designed and performed. The performance of the closed-form of Newton method is compared with the Gauss–Newton method as well as the regularization method. The results show that the closed-form of Newton method has good performances even for dealing with ill-posed problems while a great amount of computation is saved.     

A “classification based method” for color‐composite image generation on an eight‐bit graphics workstation

Given the level of contemporary technological accomplishment in computing, it is now possible to undertake image‐processing tasks on a variety of “smaller” systems. While a typical hardware configuration includes 24 bits of refresh memory for color. 8 bits each for red, green, and blue, it is feasible to construct color‐composite images comprised of three spectral bands of remotely sensed data using workstations configured with only a single eight‐bit graphics plane for color. Such systems are commonly available in colleges and universities, since they are less expensive than fully configured color workstations.     

激光动态弯沉测量系统

分析了当前国内外路面弯沉检测技术的发展现状,以及弯沉检测在实际应用中存在的问题和不足,介绍了激光动态弯沉测量系统的总体框架,数据采集流程,在后期数据处理上采用欧拉-伯努利方程反演计算得到路面的弯沉值,系统从本质上改变了传统的弯沉检测方法。     

RGB-D SLAM在室内高精度三维测图中的应用

高精度三维测图是室内三维制图的重要支撑,基于三维激光雷达扫描技术的三维测图成本高,需要提前布置标靶,在室内复杂环境中易导致数据不完整;基于图像序列的三维重建建模时间长,易受多种因素影响.针对以上问题,本文将RGB-D SLAM技术应用于室内高精度三维测图中.通过将深度相机与SLAM技术相结合,计算相机位姿并恢复三维空间...     

TM图像的光谱信息特征与最佳波段组合

本文分析了北自黑龙江省寒温带缓岗平原、南至广东省南亚热带丘陵等9个不同景观类型样区的TM图像数据,查明TM图像的光谱信息具3—4维结构,其物理含义相当于“亮度”、“绿度”和“热度”、“湿度”。在TM7个光谱图像中,一般以第5波段包含的地物信息最丰富。3个可见光波段(即第1,2,3波段)之间,两个中红外波段(即第5,7波段)之间相关性很高,表明这些波段的信息中有相当大的“重复性”或“冗余性”。第4,6波段则颇特殊,尤其是第4波段与各波段的相关性都很低,表明这个波段的信息有很大的独立性。计算20种组合的熵值的结果表明,由一个可见光波段、一个中红外波段及第4波段组合而成的彩色合成图像,一般具有最丰富的地物信息,其中又常以4,5,3或4,5,1波段的组合为最佳。