基于新型仿生智能方法的边坡变形位移预测

边坡地变形,具有高度复杂的非线性演化特征。将BP神经网络和免疫克隆算法改进并集成结合,提出一种新型的仿生智能方法,即免疫克隆神经网络。并利用其强大的非线性拟合能力,对边坡进行变形位移的预测。结果表明,此方法拥有较高的预测精度,为边坡变形位移的预测提供了行之有效的途径,从而为边坡稳定性判别和滑坡预报提供了可靠的分析依据。     

接地电阻测量中应注意的几个问题

参照国家有关规范和标准的要求，对接地装置、接地电阻及其测量原理进行分析和总结，指出4102型和摇表式接地电阻仪测量接地电阻时电极的布置方法对测量结果的影响。     

Evaluation ofCitrullus colocynthis, a desert plant native in Israel, as a potential source of edible oil

Citrulus colocynthis(wild gourd) is a desert plant of the Cucurbitaceae, naturally adapted to arid environments. It was known in biblical times as a source of seed oil and its fruits were used as an efficient laxative. Accessions were collected in Israel and evaluated as a potential oil seed crop adapted to arid zones. It was found that its oil composition is similar to safflower oil, with a total of 80-85% unsaturated fatty acids. A potential yield of oil of 250-400 l ha⁻¹was calculated. The best yield was obtained during the first 4 weeks of the 10-week maturation period. Yield potential should be estimated under desert conditions in order to evaluate the plant's economic future as a crop suitable for an arid environment.     

Some remarks on the development of sedimentary basins

A simple model for the development and evolution of sedimentary basins is proposed. The first event consists of a rapid stretching of continental lithosphere, which produces thinning and passive upwelling of hot asthenosphere. This stage is associated with block faulting and subsidence. The lithosphere then thickens by heat conduction to the surface, and further slow subsidence occurs which is not associated with faulting. The slow subsidence and the heat flow depend only on the amount of stretching, which can be estimated from these quantities and from the change in thickness of the continental crust caused by the extension. The model is therefore easily tested. Preliminary investigations of the Great Basin, the Aegean, the North Sea and the Michigan Basin suggest that the model can account for the major events in their evolution.     

The variation of temperature with time and hydrocarbon maturation in sedimentary basins formed by extension

When a sedimentary basin is formed by extension both the subsidence history and the temperature gradient can be calculated. Hence the time-temperature history of any stratum can be obtained. Three types of behaviour occur. The temperature of material which never reaches depths greater than about 4 km increases at all times. The time-temperature history of material which finally sinks to greater depths reaches a maximum during the subsidence history. The time at which this maximum occurs decreases as the depth increases. At greater depths the maximum temperature occurs at the time the basin is formed. The time-temperature history is then used to calculate Lopatin's maturation index for each stratum as a function of time, and the index plotted as a function of depth and time for different amounts of extension. The maximum temperature at a given depth, and hence Lopatin's index, is almost independent of the amount of extension when the age of the basin is greater than about 150 Ma. Similar calculations taking account of sediment compaction show the same behaviour, though the maturity of the material at a given depth is increased. Because both Lopatin's index and its calibration are empirical it is important to develop new maturation indices based on individual molecular reactions whose activation energies can be determined in the laboratory.     

Magmatic andalusite from the South Mountain batholith,Nova Scotia

Accessory andalusite has been found in some late-stage granitic differentiates of the South Mountain batholith. The andalusite is petrographically distinct from the andalusite of the thermal aureole, and it occurs in regions of the batholith which show little evidence of contamination by the country rocks. Analyses of biotites from andalusite-bearing and andalusite-free phases suggest that those coexisting with andalusite actually grew in equilibrium with the andalusite. It is concluded that magmatic andalusite must be confined mainly to water-saturated, peraluminous, epizonal granites, and some possible P-T paths for the crystallization of magmatic andalusite are considered.     

On the automatic interpretation of direct current resistivity soundings

A method for the automatic inversion of resistivity soundings is presented. The procedure consists of two main stages. First, application of linear filters which transforms the apparent resistivity curve into the kernel function, and vice versa. In the second stage the first and second derivatives of the kernel function are calculated and used in a second-order modified Newton-Raphson iterative fitting procedure. The model obtained is optimal in the least squares sense. The method has been tried on some field examples and produced resistivity models which show a good agreement with the geological well logs.     

The orientation of the stress axes within sinking slabs

In principle it should be possible to obtain information about the orientation of the stress axes within a sinking slab from the first motions observed at a single suitably placed seismic station. This idea is tested on the Tonga-Fiji-Kermadec Arc, using the short-period vertical seismograms from Port Moresby, and the orientations so obtained agree with those derived from fault plane solutions.     

Lithospheric extension and the opening of the Red Sea: sediment-basalt relationships in Yemen*

This paper analyses new field and radiometric age data on the timing of extension, sedimentation and magmatism related to the opening of the Red Sea. The first evidence of widespread extension is found in synsedimentary fissures in the fluviatile to shallow marine Tawilah Formation of Cretaceous to early Tertiary age. The first indication of magmatism is the eruption of alkaline basalts (43.5–21.2 Ma) on to marine and non-marine sandstones of lower to middle Tertiary age. The lack of an angular unconformity at the sediment-basalt contact, over a period of 25 Myr, corroborates a diachronous relationship between the Tawilah sandstones and the Yemen Volcanics. These data also indicate that the onset of volcanism in Yemen was in the Eocene, as is the case in Ethiopia and Saudi Arabia. A passive rifting model is supported by early extension and sedimentation followed by syn- and post-tectonic magmatism.