Contribution of atmospheric processes to the degradation of air quality: case study (Sohar Industrial Area,Oman)

The impact of the air pollution generated by any industrial activities may be further aggravated if the location of the industrial area is exposed to certain atmospheric characteristics. Under such conditions, the likelihood of accumulation of local air pollution is high. This paper uses two approaches (statistical and numerical simulation) to investigate the contribution of atmospheric processes towards degradation of air quality. A case study of the two approaches was conducted over Sohar Industrial Area in the Sultanate of Oman. Measured wind data were used to account for specific atmospheric characteristics such as stagnation, ventilation, and recirculation using the statistical approach. In the second approach, numerical weather prediction model was used to simulate mesoscale circulation phenomena such as sea breeze and its contribution to the processes affecting the air quality. The study demonstrates that the atmospheric processes appear to contribute substantially to the degradation of air quality in the Sohar Industrial Area. The statistical analysis shows that the atmospheric dilution potential of Sohar Industrial Area is prone to stagnation and recirculation, rather than ventilation. Moreover, model simulation shows that there is a seasonal variation in the contribution of atmospheric processes to the degradation of the air quality at Sohar Industrial Area.     

Ground penetrating radar-based experimental simulation and signal interpretation on roadway roof separation detection

Roof separation is one of the major indications for coal mine roadway roof accidents. Therefore, it is important that efforts be made to detect roadway roof separation. Currently, the instrument used for detecting roadway roof separation is the roof-off-the-strata indicator, but its installation and use is complicated and the need is greater than can be managed. This thesis takes ground penetrating radar (GPR) as a means for roof separation detection and analyzes its feasibility for use in detecting roof separation both theoretically and experimentally. First, numerical simulation experiments on roof separation detection are carried out using GprMax2D software. The results show that it is feasible to detect roof separation by using GPR electromagnetic waves. Next, physical simulation experiment on roof separation detection is carried out using MALA GPR (RAMAC/GPR). Lastly,  the traditional image segmentation algorithm of 2D maximum between a cluster variance is improved to interpret the GPR signal. Good results were achieved using the improved algorithm to interpret detection signals of roof separation by GPR in a physical simulation experiment.     

Effect of azimuthal coverage of an earthquake on moment tensor solutions estimated by waveform inversion

The purposes of this seismological investigation are to understand and describe the effect of decrease in the azimuthal coverage of an earthquake on moment tensor solution estimated by waveform inversion. It will be very useful and worthwhile as mostly seismological networks are sparse and in case when only one or two station data are available. In this work, we have used two moderate earthquakes, 21 September 2009 (near Uttarakashi) and 3 May 2010 (near Ghansali). The waveform inversion has been carried using ISOLA software. The moment tensor is first estimated by using all station data and then by removing the stations so that the azimuthal coverage changes. The results show that strike of both nodal planes is varying with the change in azimuthal coverage. However, the slip and dip of both nodal planes remain quite stable against the variation in azimuthal coverage for these two earthquakes analyzed. The effect of decrease in the azimuthal coverage showed increase in double-couple percentage (DC %) and decrease in compensated linear vector decomposition (CLVD %). The other focal parameters such as T-axis azimuth, P-axis azimuth, T-axis plunge, and P-axis plunge have been found stable against the variation in azimuth coverage. The study also demonstrates that the moment tensor solutions obtained from waveform inversion using single station are almost similar to those estimated using maximum azimuthal coverage data and by polarity inversion.     

Landsat 8数据地表温度反演算法对比

随着卫星遥感技术的发展,利用遥感反演地表温度的方法不断出现,如劈窗法、双角度法和单通道算法等。Landsat系列卫星的遥感数据是地表温度反演的重要数据之一。本文选择无锡周边区域为研究区,利用Landsat 8卫星遥感数据,对两种劈窗算法(Juan C.Jiménez-Muoz劈窗算法和Offer Rozenstein劈窗算法)和两种单窗算法(Juan C.Jiménez-Muoz单通道算法和覃志豪单窗算法)的地表温度反演精度进行了对比和敏感性分析。采用太湖16个浮标站的实测数据来验证了4种算法的反演精度。结果表明:两种劈窗算法的精度较高且较为接近,误差为0.7 K左右;覃志豪单窗算法和Juan C.Jiménez-Muoz单通道算法精度较低,误差分别为1.3 K和1.4 K左右。Juan C.Jiménez-Muoz劈窗算法对参数的敏感性最低,Juan C.Jiménez-Muoz单通道算法次之,覃志豪单窗算法和Offer Rozenstein劈窗算法敏感性相对最高。其中Juan C.Jiménez-Muoz单通道算法只适用于一定的水汽含量范围,有一定的局限性。     

Recommendations for a system to photograph core segments and create stitched images of complete cores

High-resolution digital imagery of sediment cores increases researchers’ ability to examine, review, and disseminate complex and meaningful core data. The high cost of commercial core scanning systems currently limits the number of cores that are imaged. Here, we present a simple, inexpensive system that can be built in almost any laboratory environment and used to create complete core images. This system uses a stationary light source and a moving core tray (sledge) which provides for consistent lighting across multiple images. Polarized lens filters and diffuse light are used to minimize glare on the core surface. Our system also repurposes professionally engineered exercise equipment which, provides for precise core and camera movement. Once images are taken, stitching software is used to create the final core image. While there are many stitching programs on the market, none are explicitly aimed at stitching together many images in a single, straight line. We evaluated seven of the most common stitching programs and identified Hugin as the most useful for creating completed core images.     

基于空间句法的武汉城市圈城乡道路网通达性演化分析

将空间句法理论与GIS相结合,基于1989~2010年武汉城市圈城乡道路网数据,定量分析城乡道路网发育的空间通达性演化规律:1 1989~2010年,城乡道路网拓扑连接位序-规模结构日益发育典型,形成稳定的"金字塔"结构,高等级、高控制力的高通达性轴线发育水平较低,导致整个网络伺服效率和应对"拥堵"能力的低下;2武汉城市圈城乡道路网生长发育具有时空惯性,呈现典型的"核心-边缘"和"等级圈层"复合结构;并生成两条带状城乡交通走廊和多个不同等级有序融合的"轴-辐"网络体系;3城乡道路网这种通达性等级空间格局与圈域城镇体系、交通设施和社会经济发展状况密切相关,尤其是与高速公路为代表的高等级路网发育水平,表现出复杂的共轭协调关系,表现出周期性和螺旋式的空间嬗变,是城乡道路网自组织生长机制支配,以及路网扩张和细分两种内力共同交互作用的结果。     

半干旱沙地-草甸区水面蒸发模拟及其影响因子辨识

在分析半干旱沙地—草甸区的水面蒸发过程及其影响因子的基础上,采用多元逐步回归分析方法,对水面蒸发的众多影响因子进行逐步筛选,找出显著影响因子,建立水面蒸发与其显著影响因子间的多元非线性回归模型,并模拟计算了彭曼蒸发公式、道尔顿水汽运输理论蒸发公式中的风函数,比较分析了彭曼模型、变异道尔顿模型、多元非线性回归模型计算的水面蒸发量。结果表明:彭曼模型、变异道尔顿模型和最终建立的多元非线性逐步回归模型所得结果十分接近,与实测水面蒸发量的趋势也很一致;除变异道尔顿模型稳定性稍差外,其余两者都具有较好的稳定性;多元非线性逐步回归方法可以找到水面蒸发的显著影响因子,剔除掉不显著影响因子,避免因子相关造成的影响,使所建回归模型具有良好的拟合效果,其决定系数达到了0.773,预测结果令人满意。     

鄱阳湖非平稳水位波动及其与长江的交互作用关系(英文)

Seasonal water-level fluctuations(WLF) play a dominate role in lacustrine ecosystems. River-lake interaction is a direct factor in changes of seasonal lake WLF, especially for those lakes naturally connected to upstream and downstream rivers. During the past decade, the modification of WLF in the Poyang Lake(the largest freshwater lake in China) has caused intensified flood and irrigation crises, reduced water availability, compromised water quality and extensive degradation of the lake ecosystem. There has been a conjecture as to whether the modification was caused by its interactions with Yangtze River. In this study, we investigated the variations of seasonal WLF in China’s Poyang Lake by comparing the water levels during the four distinct seasons(the dry season, the rising season, the flood season, and the retreating season) before and after 2003 when the Three Gorge Dam operated. The Water Surface Slope(WSS) was used as a representative parameter to measure the changes in river-lake interaction and its impacts on seasonal WLF. The results showed that the magnitude of seasonal WLF has changed considerably since 2003; the seasonal WLF of the Poyang Lake have been significantly altered by the fact that the water levels both rise and retreat earlier in the season and lowered water levels in general. The fluctuations of river-lake interactions, in particular the changes during the retreating season, are mainly responsible for these variations in magnitude of seasonal WLF. This study demonstrates that WSS is a representative parameter to denote river-lake interactions, and the results indicate that more emphasis should be placed on the decrease of the Poyang Lake caused by the lowered water levels of the Yangtze River, especially in the retreating season.     

内蒙古乌梁素海湿地土壤有机碳组成与碳储量

2013年5月,在乌梁素海湿地的明水区、湖中芦苇(Phragmites australis)区、人工芦苇区(弃耕26 a)和弃耕芦苇区(弃耕3 a),采集0~40 cm深度的土壤(或沉积物)样品,研究土壤的有机碳组成[颗粒有机碳(POC)和矿质结合有机碳(MOC)]和碳储量。乌梁素海明水区的平均水深1~3 m,生长着沉水植物;湖中芦苇区水深约1 m,自然生长着野生芦苇,常年淹水;弃耕芦苇区为2011年农田退耕后形成的芦苇沼泽,季节性淹水;人工芦苇区的芦苇于1988年种植,季节性淹水。结果表明,明水区和湖中芦苇区表层土壤(0~10 cm深度)的总有机碳含量(15 g/kg)明显高于弃耕芦苇区[(2.60±0.33)g/kg]和人工芦苇区[(6.29±0.75)g/kg]。随着土壤深度的增加,人工芦苇区、明水区和湖中芦苇区土壤的总有机碳(TOC)含量都在减少。弃耕芦苇区各深度土壤的总有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量都相对最低。湖中芦苇区表层土壤的颗粒有机碳含量[(6.96±3.02)g/kg]最高,并且随着土壤深度的增加,其颗粒有机碳含量减少最快。除弃耕芦苇区外,其他采样区土壤(沉积物)的矿质结合有机碳含量都随着土壤深度的增加而减少,且在10~20 cm深度变化最明显,与颗粒有机碳含量垂直变化相似。明水区沉积物的颗粒有机碳含量占总有机碳含量的比例相对较低,表明其碳库最稳定。各采样区土壤(沉积物)不同组分有机碳含量与有机氮含量显著线性相关,TOC/TON、POC/PON和MOC/MON平均值分别为11.0、12.8和10.2。明水区沉积物总有机碳的储量最高(3.93 kg/m2),其次为湖中芦苇区(3.48 kg/m2)和人工芦苇区(3.18 kg/m2),弃耕芦苇区土壤总有机碳的储量仅为1.87 kg/m2。各采样区土壤(沉积物)的矿质结合有机碳储量都占较大比例,分别为80.2%(明水区)、67.9%(湖中芦苇区)、78.3%(人工芦苇区)和68.8%(弃耕芦苇区)。如果沼泽化导致明水区退化为芦苇沼泽,乌梁素海湿地的碳库损失将达到0.45 kg/m2。