2022年9月5日四川泸定MS6.8地震舆情分析

2022年9月5日12时52分,四川省甘孜州泸定县发生 M_S6.8地震,造成重大人员伤亡,引起社会公众的广泛关注。突发事件的信息发布和舆情引导越来越受到党和政府的高度重视,相关信息公开效率的影响甚至决定了事件处置的舆情发展。本研究以中国地震台网中心为舆情引导主体,对四川泸定 M_S6.8地震舆情进行分析研究,总结舆情引导经验,探讨突发地震舆情引导对地震部门有效开展震后应急的促进作用,以期为今后的防震减灾新闻宣传工作带来启示和思考。     

海洋Re、Mo和U对氧化还原环境的指示作用

氧化还原敏感微量元素 Re、Mo 和 U 主要依靠扩散作用通过沉积物—水界面,在不同氧化还原条件下的沉积物中自生富集,Re在轻度还原的次氧化沉积环境中富集,Mo在还原性更强的硫化环境中富集,而 U 具有较宽的富集沉积深度区间。Re、Mo和 U 独特的地球化学行为使其可用于指示海洋环境的氧化还原状态,其在沉积物中的自生富集程度与沉积时所处的氧化还原条件具有良好的相关性：Re、Mo 和 U 在氧化沉积环境(Re/Al<1.3×10^-7,Mo/Al<0.4×10^-4)和季节性缺氧区覆盖的沉积环境中富集程度较小,在常年性缺氧区覆盖的沉积环境(U/Al>5×10^-4,Mo/Al>5×10^-4)和硫化沉积环境(Mo/Al>5×10^-4)中富集程度较大。除依据其地球化学行为特征和相对富集程度进行定性分析之外,还可以结合元素富集系数(TM_EF<1 表示亏损,TM_EF>1 表示富集,TM_EF     

长江口沉积物-水界面砷的迁移转化机制与微生物调控分析

为探析长江口沉积物-水界面砷的迁移转化机制,本文分析了2019年夏季长江口4个站位上覆水和间隙水中总As浓度及形态的剖面变化特征,耦合氧化还原敏感元素(Fe、Mn和S)的剖面变化剖析了沉积物-水界面砷循环的Fe-Mn-S控制机制,同时结合砷相关功能基因探讨了沉积物-水界面砷迁移转化的微生物调控过程,估算了沉积物-水界面总As的扩散通量。结果表明,除A7-4站位外,长江口其他3个站位间隙水总As以As³⁺为主要存在形态,且总As浓度均在上覆水中为最低值(0.748~1.57 μg·L^-1),而在间隙水中随着深度增加而逐渐增加并在6~9 cm深度达到峰值(7.14~26.9 μg·L^-1)。间隙水总As及As³⁺浓度的剖面变化趋势与溶解态Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺相似,其均在中间层出现高值,说明沉积物Fe/Mn还原带砷的释放可能是随固相Fe(Ⅲ)或Mn(Ⅳ)的还原而转移到间隙水中的。氧化层和Fe/Mn还原带过渡区间隙水砷浓度与砷异化还原菌功能基因arrA和arsC丰度存在对应关系(除A1-3站外),说明砷异化还原菌将溶解As⁵⁺或固相As⁵⁺还原为溶解As³⁺可能是该过渡层砷迁移转化的另一重要过程。硫酸盐还原带的间隙水总As和As³⁺浓度降低,但由于间隙水的低S^2-浓度不利于砷硫化物生成,因此深层间隙水砷可能与铁硫矿物结合而被移除。底层环境氧化还原条件是影响沉积物-水界面砷迁移转化的重要因素,随底层水DO浓度的降低,砷迁移转化更倾向于微生物还原控制。长江口沉积物-水界面总As的扩散通量为1.18×10^-7~2.07×10^-7 μmol·cm^-2·s^-1,均表现为沉积物间隙水中总As向上覆水释放,即沉积物是研究区域水体总As的来源之一。     

DEM studies on the effect of particle breakage on the critical state behaviours of granular soils under undrained shear conditions

Acta Geotechnica - A number of discrete element analyses of undrained triaxial shear tests on crushable assemblies are performed using 3-dimensional particle flow code (PFC3D). The undrained shear...     

Shaking table test of subgrade slope reinforced by gravity retaining wall with geogrids

Gravity retaining wall with geogrids has showed excellent seismic performance from Wenchuan great earthquake. However, seismic damage mechanism of this kind of wall is not sufficiently clear. In view of this, a large shaking table test of the gravity retaining wall with geogrids to reinforce the subgrade slope was carried out, and based on the Hilbert-Huang transform and the marginal spectrum theory, the energy identification method of the slope dynamic failure mode was studied. The results show that the geogrids can effectively reduce displacement and rotation of the retaining wall, and it can effectively absorb the energy of the ground movement when combined with the surrounding soil. In addition, it also reveals the failure development of the gravity retaining wall with geogrids to reinforce the subgrade slope. The damage started in the deep zone near the geogrids, and then gradually extended to the surface of the subgrade slope and other zones, finally formed a continuous failure surface along the geogrids. The analysis results of the failure mode identified by the Hilbert marginal spectrum are in good consistency with the experimental results, which prove that the Hilbert marginal spectrum can be applied to obtain the seismic damage mechanism of slope.

     

河南漯河市明化镇组温热水地球化学特征及成因

全球环境污染形势依然严峻,加大地热等可再生能源开发力度已成为人类社会的共识。在系统梳理河南漯河地热地质条件基础上,以新近系明化镇组温热水为主要研究对象,通过采样化验,结合所收集资料,对其水化学场、温度场、同位素等进行研究,提出了漯河地热地质成因模式。研究结果表明:河南漯河温热水水化学类型较为复杂,以Cl-Na型、Cl-Na·Ca型、Cl·SO₄-Na型为主,次为Cl·HCO₃-Na型和SO₄·Cl-Na型。漯河新近系明化镇组地热水以沉积水为主,有少量的侧向补给,补给源主要为来自西部及西北部山丘区的大气降水,循环深度为1 320 m,属于典型的传导型地热系统。     

胶东前垂柳金矿区花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学特征及其地质意义

前垂柳金矿为胶东胶莱盆地东北缘地区新发现的金矿床,推断其金资源量为13.5 t,金矿体主要赋存于厚大的构造-蚀变带内。主控矿构造-蚀变带上盘岩石为牧牛山岩体二长花岗岩和荆山群地层,下盘岩石为鹊山岩体糜棱岩化二长花岗岩。构造-蚀变带上下两种花岗岩在变质程度、矿物组合方面存在明显差异,为深入研究两类花岗岩的成因类型及其与金成矿的关系,选取岩心中的两类花岗岩作为研究对象,进行了详细的锆石U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学、锆石Hf同位素研究。牧牛山岩体二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为(1 844.1±4.4) Ma,说明其形成于古元古代造山纪;二长花岗岩具有高的SiO₂、Y、Yb含量,较低的MgO、Sr含量和Sr/Y比值,同时具有明显Eu负异常(δEu=0.30~0.48),表现为钙碱性、强过铝质板内花岗岩特征;锆石ε_Hf(t)大部分为负值(变化范围-9.5~3.0),但两颗锆石ε_Hf(t)为正值(0.2和3.0),对应的两阶段Hf模式年龄介于2 492~3 083 Ma之间,指示二长花岗岩是由古老的加厚下地壳熔融形成。鹊山岩体糜棱岩化二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为(154.6±1.5) Ma,表明其侵位时代为晚侏罗世,与区域上著名的玲珑岩体、昆嵛山岩体属同期产物。糜棱岩化二长花岗岩全岩地球化学分析显示其具有较高的SiO₂含量,高Sr含量和Sr/Y比值,低MgO、Y和Yb值,以及显著的Eu正异常(δEu=1.61~2.20),属高钾钙碱性、过铝质花岗岩,其地球化学特征与典型的埃达克岩特征类似,具有活动大陆边缘火成岩特点;锆石ε_Hf(t)均为负值(变化范围为-26.6~-14.1),对应的两阶段Hf模式年龄介于2 681~3 860 Ma之间,表明花岗岩可能由古老的多期次加厚下地壳熔融形成,与太平洋板块俯冲导致地壳增厚和地壳重熔有关。上述研究表明两种花岗岩在成岩时代、岩石地球化学特征、构造背景等方面存在显著差异,牧牛山岩体不是鹊山岩体的组成部分。两种花岗岩与主控矿构造空间上关系密切,但时间上与金成矿时间相距较远,因此两种花岗岩与金成矿没有直接成因关系。控矿构造三层结构与鹊山变质核杂岩地质特征一致;前垂柳金矿的发现表明鹊山变质核杂岩周边广泛分布的韧性剪切带和低角度主拆离断层是该区金矿勘查的理想部位,该区找矿潜力十分巨大。     

中线调水前汉江中下游水量和水质本底特性及变化趋势分析

为研究南水北调中线工程调水前,汉江中下游的水量和水质本底特性及变化趋势,选择汉江中下游6个水文站及4个水质观测断面,采用数理统计、Mann-Kendall检验和Spearman秩次检验法,分别从水量和水质两个方面进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)对比分析历史长序列流量资料,1999~2013年间汉江中下游地区处于偏枯期;(2)汉江中下游水量的年际变化较大,极值比介于2.7~3.3之间。水量年内各月分配变化也较大,汛期径流量占全年的63%~66%,非汛期仅占全年的34%~37%;(3)汉江中下游地区各水文测站的年均流量序列,总体上随时间变化的趋势均不显著,但经历了1980~1990的偏丰期及1990~2013的偏枯期;(4)汉江中下游地区的水质达标情况较好,大部分年份的水质均优于III类水质标准,且水质无显著的变化趋势。     

An Analytical Solution for Mechanical Responses Induced by Temperature and Air Pressure in a Lined Rock Cavern for Underground Compressed Air Energy Storage

Mechanical responses induced by temperature and air pressure significantly affect the stability and durability of underground compressed air energy storage (CAES) in a lined rock cavern. An analytical solution for evaluating such responses is, thus, proposed in this paper. The lined cavern of interest consists of three layers, namely, a sealing layer, a concrete lining and the host rock. Governing equations for cavern temperature and air pressure, which involve heat transfer between the air and surrounding layers, are established first. Then, Laplace transform and superposition principle are applied to obtain the temperature around the lined cavern and the air pressure during the operational period. Afterwards, a thermo-elastic axisymmetrical model is used to analytically determine the stress and displacement variations induced by temperature and air pressure. The developments of temperature, displacement and stress during a typical operational cycle are discussed on the basis of the proposed approach. The approach is subsequently verified with a coupled compressed air and thermo-mechanical numerical simulation and by a previous study on temperature. Finally, the influence of temperature on total stress and displacement and the impact of the heat transfer coefficient are discussed. This paper shows that the temperature sharply fluctuates only on the sealing layer and the concrete lining. The resulting tensile hoop stresses on the sealing layer and concrete lining are considerably large in comparison with the initial air pressure. Moreover, temperature has a non-negligible effect on the lined cavern for underground compressed air storage. Meanwhile, temperature has a greater effect on hoop and longitudinal stress than on radial stress and displacement. In addition, the heat transfer coefficient affects the cavern stress to a higher degree than the displacement.     

Spalling Experiments on Large Hard Rock Specimens

Specimens of coarse-grained Äspö diorite were axially compressed to observe stress-induced spalling. The specimens had a novel design characterized by two manufactured large radius notches on opposite sides. The tangential stress occurring in the notches aimed to represent the tangential loading around a circular opening. Fracture stages were monitored by acoustic emission measurements. Rock chips were formed similar to those found in situ, which indicates a similar fracture process. Slabs were cut out from the specimens and impregnated using a fluorescent material to visualize the cracks. The cracks were subsequently examined by the naked eye and by means of microscopy images, from which fracture paths could be identified and related to different minerals and their crystallographic orientations. The microscopy analyses showed how the stress field and the microstructure interact. Parallel cracks were formed 2–4 mm below the surface, sub-parallel to the direction of the maximum principal stress. The crack initiation, the roles of minerals such as feldspar, biotite and quartz and their grain boundaries and crystallographic directions are thoroughly studied and discussed in this paper. Scale effects, which relate to the stress gradient and microstructure, are discussed.