Time-Dependent Tsunami Source Following the 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Eruption Inferred from Nearby Tsunami Recordings

The eruption of the Anak Krakatau volcano,Indonesia,on 22 December 2018 induced a destructive tsunami(the Sunda Strait tsunami),which was recorded by four nearby tidal gauges.In this study we invert the tsunami records and recover the tsunami generation process.Two tsunami sources are obtained,a static one of instant initial water elevation and a time-dependent one accounting for the continuous evolution of water height.The time-dependent results are found to reproduce the tsunami recordings more satisfactorily.The complete tsunami generation process lasts approximately 9 min and features a two-stage evolution with similar intensity.Each stage lasts about 3.5 min and elevates a water volume of about 0.13 km3.The time,duration and volume of the volcano eruption in general agree with seismic records and geomorphological interpretations.We also test different sizes of the potential source region,which lead to different maximum wave height in the source area,but all the results of time-dependent tsunami sources show the robust feature of two stages of wave generation.Our results imply a time-dependent and complex process of tsunami generation during the volcano eruption.     

2022年秋末初冬贵州一次超强寒潮天气过程分析

【目的】2022年 11月 29日—12月 1日贵州出现一次超强寒潮天气过程,为分析此次超强寒潮及其伴随的剧烈降温、大风和雪凝天气的成因。【方法】利用常规观测资料和 NECP1°×1°逐 6h再分析资料,运用天气学原理和天气动力学诊断分析方法。【结果】（1）此次超强寒潮天气过程是在中高纬地区配合有 -48℃冷中心的冷涡低槽发展东移南压,引导强冷空气大举南下以及副高加强西伸北抬、高原上多小槽东移的背景下产生的。（2）前期热低压发展加深,贵州大部地区最高气温异常回升至 27℃以上,850hPa冷平流强盛且维持时间长,是造成降温幅度大、气温低、降温持续时间长的主要原因。冷平流强度低于 -32×10^-5℃ ·s^-1 的区域与过程最低气温降幅超过 16℃的区域基本一致。【结论】（1）强气压梯度和变压梯度是此次超强寒潮强风形成的主要原因,大风区 ΔP₃普遍超过 3hPa,ΔP₂₄普遍超过 10hPa。ΔP₃ ＞3hPa、ΔP₂₄ ＞10hPa可作为寒潮大风预报指标。（2）西南低空急流维持加强,持续输送水汽并使贵州大气层结呈中间暖、上下冷的“三层”结构模式, 850hPa到地面温度 T＜0℃,为雪凝天气的发生发展提供了水汽和温度条件。当 850hPa温度 T≤ -2℃、地面温度 T≤0℃ 时,降水相态由雨转冻雨或雨夹雪或雪。     

不同边界层参数化方案在中国西南地区东部高分辨率气候模拟中的敏感性研究

为了进一步评估和提高区域模式对西南地区东部高分辨率气候的模拟能力,利用 WRF模式,采用 多种边界层参数化方案（下称“不同方案”）对西南地区东部 1998—2019年夏季降水和气温进行双重嵌套模拟 （外层为D01,内层为D02）。对比不同方案模拟结果表明：多年平均降水量在D01中基本为湿偏差;D02中在四 川盆地和重庆低海拔地区为干偏差,湿偏差主要位于贵州和重庆的城口、石柱和武隆一带的地形复杂区;总体 上D01中ACM2方案误差最小,D02中MYJ方案误差最小。对多年平均气温的模拟在D01中除了四川盆地一 带为暖偏差外其余大部地区基本为冷偏差,D02 中大部地区为暖偏差;总体上 D01 和 D02 中 MYJ方案误差最 小,YSU方案最大。对于降水量和平均气温年际变化的模拟技巧在D01和D02中相对较高的地区均集中在重 庆中西部和湖北大部地区;降水量总体为 YSU 方案最高,MYJ 方案最低;平均气温总体为 MYJ 方案最高, ACM2方案最低。因此,提升模式分辨率至对流尺度后对不同气象要素模拟技巧最优的方案存在差异,需根据 业务情况选择适合本地的参数化方案。     

Comparisons of Salinity Adaptation in Terms of Growth,Body Composition,and Energy Budget in Juveniles of Rainbow and Steelhead Trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study examined the effect of different salinities(0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30) on the growth performance and energy budget of juveniles of two different ecotypes of Oncorhynchus mykiss, landlocked rainbow trout and anadromous steelhead trout. In the 42 d experiment, fish were cultured in three replicate tanks per salinity treatment(eight fish per tank). At the end of the experiment, the growth of rainbow and steelhead trouts was significantly higher at salinities of 5 and 10, respectively, than at all other salinities. The protein, lipid and energy content of both ecotypes declined with the increase of salinity. Based on their energy budgets, the percentage of energy consumed for growth by rainbow and steelhead trouts were significantly higher at salinities of 5(34.00% ±1.69%) and 10(43.76% ± 1.29%), respectively, than at all other salinities. The percentage of energy consumed for respiration by rainbow and steelhead trouts was lower at salinities of 5(54.90% ± 1.77%) and 10(46.73% ± 0.62%), respectively, than at all other salinities. Our results indicated that the salinity adaptation ability of juvenile steelhead trout was slightly better than that of juvenile rainbow trout, and salinities of 10 and 5, respectively, were most suitable for growth of these two fishes.     

波浪能发电平台系泊系统耦合动力响应及水动力分析

本文以一种新型波浪能发电平台为研究对象,分别采用基于三维势流理论的软件Sesam和基于有限体积法的Flow3D软件,对平台和发电浮子进行水动力分析。应用Sesam-HydroD模块计算了平台和发电浮子在频域内的运动响应,将平台和发电浮子的垂荡运动响应进行对比分析,结果表明,在正常海况下,平台与发电浮子垂荡运动相对幅值满足捕能系统的发电需求。应用Flow3D软件对平台整体进行水动力分析,结果表明,平台与发电浮子相对运动振幅在0.3～0.4m间,可满足发电需求。在此基础之上,应用Orcaflex软件,通过时域耦合动力分析的方法,计算了平台在自存工况和作业工况下的运动响应和系泊缆动张力响应,结果表明:在自存工况下,平台锚泊线的安全系数符合规范要求,平台具有良好的安全性能,能够适应恶劣的海洋环境;在作业工况下,平台的垂荡运动响应对波浪方向变化并不敏感,捕能系统不受波浪方向变化的影响,满足发电需求。另外,本文的研究结果能为类似的海洋平台的研究提供建议和参考。     

Archaeal community structure in sediments from a seamount in the Mariana Volcanic Arc

Seamounts are subsurface mountains in the ocean. Examination of the abundance and distribution of Archaea in seamount ecosystems may provide a better understanding of their ecological functions. Most studies of marine archaeal assemblages in seamount area have focused on hydrothermal vents or ferromanganese crusts. We investigated the archaeal communities from a seamount of the Mariana Volcanic Arc, in the tropical western Pacific Ocean by using high-throughput sequencing. Thaumarchaeota was dominant in the sediments of all sample stations. Community diversity and species richness were greatest at stations near the top of the seamount, and lowest at the deepest station. One sample station on the steep southeast slope that faced the Yap-Mariana trench had a unique composition of Archaea. In summary, depth has an important influence on archaeal community structure, and the geographic properties and sediment characteristics may explain the unique distribution patterns of Archaea in this seamount. This study provides a foundation for future research on Archaea in seamounts.     

不规则三角网数字水深模型缓冲面快速构建的滚动球加速优化算法

针对TIN_DDM缓冲面构建与应用中存在的数据类型特殊、算法效率与模型精度不匹配的问题,本文将滚动球模型应用扩展至TIN_DDM缓冲面的构建过程。在分析滚动球模型构建精度局限的基础上,建立了滚动球半径关联的滚动球模型整体精度控制方法;结合大数据量TIN_DDM缓冲面多次构建的应用效率需求,阐明了关键采样点与滚动球半径对TIN_DDM缓冲面构建效率的影响规律;设计了TIN_DDM缓冲面构建关键采样点的判定准则,建立了关键采样点与滚动球半径的数值关联关系;提出了一种基于滚动球加速优化模型的TIN_DDM缓冲面快速构建算法,算法时间复杂度为O(n)。试验结果表明:本文算法可实现任意缓冲半径条件下TIN_DDM缓冲面的多次快速构建,且算法精度控制在2σ内。     

基于电化学法的铬盐清洁生产工艺研究

现有铬盐生产技术阻碍了铬盐行业的清洁化发展,研发新型铬盐生产技术实属必要。中国科学院青海盐湖研究所自行研发出一套以电化学法为基础的铬盐清洁生产工艺,涵盖三条大工艺和四种母系铬盐产品。包括氢氧化钠溶液中电化学氧化铬铁制备铬酸钠联产三氧化二铬和三氧化二铁工艺,离子膜电解法从铬酸钠合成重铬酸钠工艺,以及离子膜电解法从重铬酸钠合成铬酸酐工艺。相比现有铬盐生产技术,该技术的优势主要体现在以下五点:温和化、去渣化、高值化、自动化和高效化。目前相关研发工作业已走出实验室,走过产业化中间试验,正向产业化示范线迈进。     

条斑紫菜酵母双杂交文库的构建及PyMAPK5互作蛋白的筛选

为进一步研究条斑紫菜促分裂原活化激酶家族PyMAPK5的下游互作蛋白,理解其生物学功能,本研究通过酵母双杂交的方法进行其相互作用蛋白的筛选。提取不同温度和失水逆境胁迫下的RNA,利用Invitrogen体系构建条斑紫菜酵母双杂交cDNA文库,其库容为1.44×107CFU,重组率为91.8%。以pGBKT7-PyMAPK5为诱饵蛋白载体,利用共转化方法,从文库中筛选得到26个与PyMAPK5互作的候选蛋白。候选蛋白集中在光系统II相关蛋白、捕光蛋白、微管蛋白、ATP酶、GTP结合蛋白及假设蛋白等。微管蛋白、捕光蛋白、光系统II蛋白一对一验证结果为阳性,表明在酵母体内存在互作。本研究为阐明条斑紫菜PyMAPK5与其互作蛋白的关系及解析PyMAPK5下游作用机制奠定了基础。     

基于高通量测序方法分析荣成月湖潮间带趋磁细菌多样性

荣成月湖是一个典型天然潟湖,潮间带沉积物中存在多种形态趋磁细菌。通过Roche454高通量测序平台,对沉积物样品(B_S)和磁收样品(B_M)进行16SrRNA基因高通量测序,认识荣成潮间带沉积物的细菌群落结构,并了解趋磁细菌多样性及系统进化地位。研究结果表明沉积物样品中主要的细菌类群为δ-变形菌纲,占总细菌数的26.4%,其次是γ-变形菌纲和α-变形菌纲;而磁收样品中细菌多样性和种类明显降低,以α-变形菌纲占绝对优势,相对比例达72.6%。在磁收样品和沉积物样品分别发现了1 612条和186条reads与趋磁细菌相关,分别占细菌总数的5.76%和0.85%,磁收样品中趋磁细菌数是沉积物样品的6.8倍。对两个样品中获得的趋磁细菌序列进行系统进化分析,发现这些序列多数属于变形菌门的α-变形菌纲,以趋磁球菌占绝对优势,少数属于δ-变形菌纲,与多细胞趋磁原核生物亲缘关系最近。海洋趋磁螺菌属仅在B_M样品中检出,趋磁弧菌属在B_M样品优势度高于B_S样品,而多细胞趋磁原核生物和趋磁螺菌属在B_S样品中优势度更高。通过分析样品间的差异OTUs,认为荣成潮间带沉积物中可能存在大量未知的趋磁细菌新类群。研究结果为下一步培养和开发趋磁细菌这一功能菌群,发现趋磁细菌新类群及趋磁细菌生态功能提供了基础资料。