Case history of controlling a landslide at Panluo open-pit mine in China

Controlling of landsides safely and economically is a great challenge to mine operators because landslides are major geological problems especially in open-pit mines. In this paper, a case history at Panluo open-pit mine is presented in detail to share the experiences and lessons with mine operators. Panluo open-pit mine is located in the southwestern Fujian province of China. It is the largest open-pit iron mine in the Fujian province and was planned in 1965 and is in full operation from 1978. In July 1990, an earthquake of magnitude 5.3 in Taiwan Strait and big rainstorms impacted the mine slope, causing tension cracks and rather large-scale failures, and forming a U-shaped landslide. Total potential volume was estimated to be up to 1.0 × 10⁶ m³. This directly threatened the mine production. In order to protect the mine production and the dwellers’ safety around, a dynamic comprehensive method was implemented including geotechnical investigations, in-situ testing and monitoring, stability analysis, and many mitigation and preventive measures. These measures slowed down the development and further occurrence of the landslide. The results showed that the landslides were still active, it was slowed with the control measures and moved rapidly with rainfall and mining down. However, no catastrophic accidents occurred and the pit mining was continued till it was closed at the elevation of 887 m in 2000. As a successful case of landslide control at an open-pit mine for 10 years, this paper reports the controlling measures in details. These experiences of landslide control may be beneficial to other similar mines for landslide control.     

Triassic Nb-enriched basalts, magnesian andesites, and adakites of the Qiangtang terrane (Central Tibet): evidence for metasomatism by slab-derived melts in the mantle wedge

New chronological, geochemical, and isotopic data are reported for Triassic (219–236 Ma) adakite-magnesian andesite-Nb-enriched basaltic rock associations from the Tuotuohe area, central Qiangtang terrane. The adakites and magnesian andesites are characterized by high Sr/Y (25–45), La/Yb (14–42) and Na₂O/K₂O (12–49) ratios, high Al₂O₃ (15.34–18.28 wt%) and moderate to high Sr concentrations (220–498 ppm) and ε_ND (t) (+0.86 to +1.21) values. Low enrichments of Th, Rb relative to Nb, and subequal normalized Nb and La contents, and enrichments of light rare earth elements combine to distinguish a group of Nb-enriched basaltic rocks (NEBs). They have positive ε_ND (t) (+2.57 to +5.16) values. Positive correlations between Th, La and Nb and an absence of negative Nb anomalies on mantle normalized plots indicate the NEBs are products of a mantle source metasomatized by a slab melt rather than by hydrous fluids. A continuous compositional variation between adakites and magnesian andesites confirms slab melt interaction with mantle peridotite. The spatial association of the NEBs with adakites and magnesian andesites define an “adakitic metasomatic volcanic series” recognized in many demonstrably subduction-related environments (e.g., Mindanao arc, Philippines; Kamchatka arc, Russia; and southern Baja California arc, Mexico). The age of the Touhuohe suite, and its correlation with Triassic NEB to the north indicates that volcanism derived from subduction-modified mantle was abundant prior to 220 Ma in the central Qiangtang terrane.     

邹平王家庄铜矿床成矿地球化学及成因探讨

王家庄铜矿床的矿化脉石英中流体包裹体均一温度介于116 ~ 566 ℃之间,均值为 289 ℃;盐度介于7.2%～63.2% NaCleq,均值为21.1% NaCleq。流体的气相成分主要为H2O和CO2。在均一温度为240 ~ 440 ℃区间内,出现了富气相的两相水溶液包裹体、富液相的两相水溶液包裹体和含子晶的三相水溶液包裹体共存现象,以及加温后富气相包裹体均一到气相和同期富液相包裹体均一到液相的特征,表明成矿流体曾发生过沸腾作用;其中第一次发生于360 ~ 400 ℃,主要形成高温、高盐度含子晶的三相水溶液包裹体和高温、中盐度富液相的两相水溶液包裹体及高温、低盐度富气相的两相水溶液包裹体;第二次发生于240 ~ 320 ℃,主要形成高—中温、高盐度的含子晶的三相水溶液包裹体和高—中温、中盐度富液相的两相水溶液包裹体及高—中温、低盐度富气相的两相水溶液包裹体;之后主要形成富液相的两相水溶液包裹体,具有中低温和中盐度的特征。矿化脉石英中的δ18OH2O介于-1.14‰ ~ 1.79‰之间,均值为0.94‰;δD介于-63.70‰ ~ -56.50‰之间,均值为-59.8‰;说明王家庄铜矿床的成矿流体主要来源于岩浆,后期混入大气降水。矿石矿物的δ34S变化于-8.80‰ ~ -2.80‰之间,均值为-6.33‰。矿石矿物的n(206Pb)/n(204Pb)介于18.1684 ~ 18.3637之间,均值为18.2892;n(207Pb)/n(204Pb)介于155546 ~ 156342之间,均值为155777;n(208Pb)/n(204Pb)介于38.1286 ~ 38.4840之间,均值为38.2780。说明矿石具有贫重硫和富放射性成因铅的特征,硫、铅主要来源于深部,后期可能受到地壳物质或大气降水的混染。     

鉴江河口底泥盐度释放规律研究

底泥盐度释放是河口水资源利用的主要限制因子。本文以鉴江为例,基于野外实测与室内实验,系统分析了鉴江河口底泥盐度及水体氯离子的分布特征;通过振荡、换水及静态等实验。定量研究了河口底泥盐度释放规律。结果表明：（1）潮泛河口底泥盐度主要受上溯潮水的影响。有较为明显的梯度性;（2）底泥盐度释放量在初期较大,随着换水周期的累加,则逐步降低;在同一换水周期。底泥盐度释放强度与其本底盐度浓度成正指数关系;（3）静态释放时间越长,上覆水盐度越大。静置30d。三组样品上覆水的浓度分别达2626mg·L-1、932mg·L-1、533mg·L-1。远远超过用水水质的要求。     

天津地面沉降区土水比论述

天津市地面沉降分布广,沉降速率大。本文针对当前地面沉降研究和防治过程中所遇到的勘查资料严重缺乏、禁采难以全面实现等难题,提出了土水比指标量。通过概念分析和对多年数据的分析,认为土水比可以检验地下水开采量数据的统计精度,指示地下水资源补给及土层释水条件,并表明沉降的严重程度,反映地下水资源的保障程度。建议在沉降防治工作中,以土水比作为指标,通过相关分析模型来制定压采量。     

南水北调西四环暗涵工程穿越桥梁监控量测技术应用

南水北调西四环暗涵工程为京石段控制性工程,下穿北京市西四环路桥梁30余座,桥梁的安全至关重要。在暗涵施工过程中对桥梁实施了有效的监控量测技术,通过自动化监测和常规监测手段获取数据,然后对监测数据进行详细分析、对比,以研究暗涵下穿桥梁施工过程中桥梁的受力变形协调过程。结果表明:墩柱差异沉降小于允许沉降的80%;墩柱倾斜值小于允许值的30%。监控工作做到了过程预警、过程控制,规避了工程风险,对类似工程具有借鉴意义。     

人工合成烃类流体包裹体测温数据对石油地质的指示

石油地质中,通常使用流体包裹体的数据来恢复油气捕获时候的温度与压力。为了探讨这些温度和压力真实地质意义,我们通过设定的温度和压力人工合成烃类包裹体,并通过测量烃类包裹体和同期捕获的水包裹体的均一温度,来解释地质中的现象。     

鲁西邹平盆地中生代火山岩的演化:对地幔源区的约束

邹平盆地中生代火山岩可分为三个亚组：中、下亚组具有相似的岩石组合,岩性主要为玄武岩-粗面玄武岩-玄武质粗面安山岩-粗面安山岩;上亚组岩性主要为粗面安山岩。火山岩由早期基性向晚期中偏碱性方向演化,与正常岩浆房酸度增高的岩浆分异趋势相同。具有Rb、Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素（LILE）和轻稀土元素（LREE）富集,Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素（HFSE）相对亏损,类似于岛弧火山岩的地球化学特征。Nb／La、Hf／Sm比值随MgO的降低而升高或基本不变,说明高场强元素亏损是岩浆的原始特征。各亚组火山岩相似的稀土配分模式和微量元素蛛网图,表明它们具有共同的岩浆源区和密切的成因联系,分离结晶起了关键性作用。La／Nb、La／Ta、Ba／Nb比值较高,说明成岩物质可能主要来自岩石圈地幔。拆沉的大陆中、下地壳部分熔融形成的熔体与古生代岩石圈地幔（亏损的地幔橄榄岩）的相互作用是岩石圈地幔富集的重要方式,随之该富集地幔在陆内岩石圈伸展和区域热异常的双重作用下发生减压部分熔融而形成具有岛弧特征的邹平盆地火山岩。     

河流集合预报方法(ESP)在水资源中长期预测中的应用研究

中长期径流预测是水文水资源研究领域中的一项重要内容,为水资源规划管理及可持续利用、防汛抗旱、水库调度与发电计划制作、工农业用水计划编制等提供科学依据,对国民经济发展具有十分重要的意义.但由于大气圈极其复杂,水文要素并非仅是气象强迫输入的函数.它还受流域基本特性,前期来水以及人类活动等诸多因素的影响,中长期径流预测在其计算中存在着多种不确定性.因此,中长期径流预测一直是水文预测研究中难度较大的课题之一.本文引入河流集合预报方法(ESP),以丹江口水库为应用实例,利用水文气象历史资料和新安江水文模型,预测分析水库2007年10月份每旬的平均入库流量及概率分布统计,并经与实测流量过程对比分析,满足水库运行调度需求,为水库发电计划制作提供了可靠依据.