安徽宣城矿集区长山铅锌多金属矿床成矿流体特征及成因

长山铅锌多金属矿床位于长江中下游成矿带宣城矿集区东北部,文章在对该矿床开展详细的地质调查和岩相学研究基础上,对代表性矿化蚀变矿物(石英、方解石)开展了流体包裹体测温、激光拉曼光谱和氢、氧、碳稳定同位素分析。长山铅锌多金属矿床矿化蚀变组合从早到晚可以分为矽卡岩-氧化物阶段、早硫化物阶段和晚硫化物阶段。矿物流体包裹体温度和盐度测算显示,长山矿床的成矿流体温度和盐度从矽卡岩-氧化物阶段(315～382℃,w(NaCl)_eq为14.04%～16.24%)→早硫化物阶段(220～347℃,w(NaCl)_eq为4.49%～15.86%)→晚硫化物阶段(163～306℃,w(NaCl)_eq为1.40%～11.10%)逐渐降低。石英和闪锌矿中包裹体的δD和δ¹⁸O值分别为-89.5‰～-67.8‰和-3.2‰～7.62‰,方解石中δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O值分别是-6.8‰～-1‰和10.6‰～17.1‰,同位素特征指示长山矿床的成矿流体为岩浆水与海相碳酸盐中富含有机质流体混合,...     

Melt Generation at Very Slow-Spreading Oceanic Ridges: Constraints from Geochemical and Geophysical Data

We show that there is a strong and consistent correlation betweengeochemical and geophysical estimates of the amount of meltgenerated in the mantle beneath oceanic ridges. This correlationholds across all spreading rates and on scales down to the sizeof individual ridge segments. There is an abrupt decrease inthe amount of melt generated at full spreading rates below     

An in situ metatexite–diatexite transition in upper amphibolite facies rocks from Broken Hill, Australia

Upper amphibolite facies felsic gneiss from Broken Hill records the metatexite to schlieren diatexite to massive diatexite transition in a single rock type over a scale of tens to hundreds of metres. The metatexites are characterized by centimetre‐scale segregation of melt into leucosomes to form stromatic migmatite. The schlieren diatexites are characterized by the disaggregation of the rocks and the development of schlieren migmatite. The massive diatexites represent a higher degree of disaggregation, lack schlieren and contain plagioclase and K‐feldspar phenocrysts. The transition from metatexite to schlieren diatexite and massive diatexite was heterogeneous with both disaggregation of the rock on a grain scale and disaggregation of the rock into centimetre‐ to metre‐scale rafts. As melt contents increased, the proportion of material disaggregated on a grain scale increased. The high proportion of melt needed to form diatexites at upper amphibolite facies conditions was the result of an influx of hydrous fluid at temperatures just above the solidus of the diatexites. Nearby metapelitic rocks, with a slightly higher solidus temperature, undergoing subsolidus muscovite breakdown are the likely source of the fluid. Continued heating during and after the influx of fluid led to melt contents of up to c. 60 mol.% in the massive diatexite. The metatexite zone probably involved little added fluid. Continued deformation during cooling and melt crystallization resulted in the extensive development of schlieren and late‐stage melt segregations and melt‐rich shear bands in the schlieren diatexite zone. The rocks of the massive diatexite zone lack these late‐stage segregations, consistent with the cessation of D2 deformation prior to them developing a crystal framework.     

The relationship between herders and trees in space and time in northern Cameroon

Extensive herding is an important activity in northern Cameroon, in terms of both the local social economy and local land management. However, this activity is strongly linked to the availability and accessibility of fodder resources. Due to territorial processes, such as land clearance and wood harvesting, this resource is receding and pasturelands are becoming fragmented. Herders are facing new challenges to secure their livelihoods, and, in this context, fodder trees are emerging as a key resource, allowing herds to subsist up to the end of the dry season. Increasingly, trees are playing a significant part in the herders' strategies to feed their herds in time and space and to 'root' their activities to particular lands. This trend requires an analysis of the importance of fodder trees in the definition of territorial strategies operated by herders in northern Cameroon, in the context of various herding systems (nomadic herding, agro herding using transhumance, and settled agro herding). A discussion of herding strategies needed to address the decreasing access to fodder resources highlights the problems of current extensive herding systems and leads to proposed alternatives.     

Prograde Metamorphic Assemblage Evolution during Partial Melting of Metasedimentary Rocks at Low Pressures: Migmatites from Mt Stafford, Central Australia

The Mt Stafford area in central Australia preserves a low-pressuregreenschist- to granulite-facies regional aureole. The metasedimentarysequence has been divided into five zones from greenschist (Zone1) to granulite facies (Zone 4) and a zone of hybrid diatexiteformed from the introduction of granitic magma into the high-grademigmatites (Zone 5). Melt production was dominated by a seriesof multivariant biotite breakdown reactions, not the univariantreactions suggested by previous studies. Although the threemain metasedimentary rock types produced similar amounts ofmelt at the highest grades, their melt production historiesdiffered markedly as a function of temperature. Aluminous metapelitesproduced more melt at lower temperatures (Zones 2 and 3), whereasmetapsammite and cordierite granofels experienced an additionalmajor melt-producing step at higher temperatures (upper Zone3 and Zone 4). This melting step involved the breakdown of biotiteto produce garnet, K-feldspar and melt, and in some rocks theproduction of orthopyroxene. Melt production in Zone 4 exceeded25 mol %, resulting in the formation of in situ diatexites.Complex relationships involving aluminosilicate porphyroblastsresulted in the breakdown of biotite and aluminosilicate beingdrawn out over a wide temperature range, from subsolidus conditionsto temperatures close to 750°C. Initially, much of the meltingdeveloped around the aluminosilicate porphyroblasts during thebreakdown of coexisting biotite, aluminosilicate and quartz.However, much of the rock was chemically isolated from the porphyroblastsand could not react to produce melt. As temperatures rose, thepresence of the large isolated aluminosilicate porphyroblastscontrolled the spatial development of quartz-absent, spinel-presentcompositional domains, the formation of spinel being governedby the silica-undersaturated breakdown of coexisting biotiteand aluminosilicate. KEY WORDS: NCKFMASHTO; metapelite; granulite facies; petrogenetic grid; partial melting; THERMOCALC     

Biot介质中P波与井孔的耦合

依据全频域的Ｂｉｏｔ理论，推导了在Ｂｉｏｔ的流体饱和孔隙介质中，平面Ｐ波垂直井轴入时与井孔相互作用所产生的井内声压场的解析表达式．通过数值计算，对井内声压场出现的共振响应进行了分析．重点研究在不同频率段渗透率对井内声压的影响及偏离井轴记录时声压的变化．结果表明，在井内测量地震波声压，全频域都有明显影响；测量大于５００ＨＺ的地震信号，检波器偏离井轴放置以及方位不同的影响不能忽略；渗透率变化对井内声压的影响程度最大不超过弹性固体情况（零渗透率）下相应声压的１／５．     

Partial melting of metagreywacke: a calculated mineral equilibria study

Greywacke occurs in most regionally metamorphosed orogenic terranes, with depositional ages from Archean to recent. It is commonly the dominant siliciclastic rock type, many times more abundant than pelite. Using calculated pseudosections in the Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–O system, the partial melting of metagreywacke is investigated using several natural protolith compositions that reflect the main observed compositional variations. At conditions appropriate for regional metamorphism at mid‐crustal depths (6–8 kbar), high‐T subsolidus assemblages are dominated by quartz, plagioclase and biotite with minor garnet, orthoamphibole, sillimanite, muscovite and/or K‐feldspar (±Fe–Ti oxides). Modelled solidus temperatures are dependent on bulk composition and vary from 640 to 690 °C. Assuming minimal melting at the H₂O‐saturated solidus, initial prograde anatexis at temperatures up to ～800 °C is characterized by very low melt productivity. Significant melt production in commonly occurring (intermediate) metagreywacke compositions is controlled by the breakdown of biotite and production of orthopyroxene (±K‐feldspar) across multivariant fields until biotite is exhausted at 850–900 °C. Assuming some melt is retained in the source, then at temperatures beyond that of biotite stability, melt production occurs via the consumption of plagioclase, quartz and any remaining K‐feldspar as the melt becomes progressively more Ca‐rich and H₂O‐undersaturated. Melt productivity with increasing temperature across the melting interval in metagreywacke is generally gradational when compared to metapelite, which is characterized by more step‐like melt production. Comparison of the calculated phase relations with experimental data shows good consistency once the latter are considered in terms of the variance of the equilibria involved. Calculations on the presumed protolith compositions of residual granulite facies metagreywacke from the Archean Ashuanipi subprovince (Quebec) show good agreement with observed phase relations. The degree of melt production and subsequent melt loss is consistent with the previously inferred petrogenesis based on geochemical mass balance. The results show that, for temperatures above 850 °C, metagreywacke is sufficiently fertile to produce large volumes of melt, the separation from source and ascent of which may result in large‐scale crustal differentiation if metagreywacke is abundant.     

A sequence of partial melting reactions at Mt Stafford, central Australia

Metasedimentary gneisses show a rapid change in grade in a 10  km wide low- P /high- T  regional aureole at Mt Stafford in the Arunta Block, central Australia. Migmatite occurs in all but the lowermost of five metamorphic zones, which grade from greenschist (Zone 1) through amphibolite (Zones 2–3) to granulite facies (Zones 4–5). The sequence of partial melting reactions inferred for metapelitic rocks is dependant upon protolith, temperature and fluid conditions. The metapelite solidus in Zone 2 reflects vapour-present melting at P ≈3  kbar and T  ≈640  °C, melting having initially been controlled by the congruent breakdown of the assemblage Crd–Kfs–Bt–Qtz. At slightly higher temperature, andalusite in leucosome formed via the reaction Kfs+Qtz+Bt+H₂O→And+melt; And+melt having been stabilized by the presence of boron. Sillimanite coaxially replaces andalusite in the high-grade portion of Zone 2. In Zone 3, large aluminosilicate aggregates in leucosome are armoured by Spl–Crd±Grt symplectites. Garnet partially pseudomorphs biotite, cordierite or spinel in high-grade portions of Zone 3. Zone 4 Grt–Crd–Opx-bearing metapsammite assemblages and garnet-bearing leucosome reflect T  ≈800  °C and P =2.2±0.9  kbar. In the model KFMASH system the principal vapour-absent melting step reflected significant modal changes related to the breakdown of the As–Bt tie-line and the establishment of the Spl–Crd tie-line; the bulk rock geochemistry of migmatite samples straddle the Spl–Crd tie-line. The aluminous bulk-rock composition of the common bedded migmatite restricted its potential to witness garnet-forming and orthopyroxene-forming reactions, minor textural and modal changes in and above Zone 3 reflecting biotite destablization in biotite-poor assemblages.     

MEASURED ANISOTROPY IN PIERRE SHALE*

The five elastic coefficients which characterize a transversely isotropic medium have been measured for the Pierre Shale. The first-arrival times deduced from two closely spaced vertical seismic profiles provide values of magnitude and direction of the phase velocity at a given depth for different locations of the sources. From these velocities, we can estimate the five elastic coefficients by assuming that the P- and SV-wave velocities have only a small dependence on the angle of propagation. On the other hand, it is shown that the accuracy in the difference between the directions of propagation and particle motion is not sufficient to determine the anisotropy. This work was industrially sponsored through the Integrated Geophysics Project.     

A small-scale flood plain

A miniature, 9 m-wide floodplain, developed along a gravel-washing effluent stream, shows features such as levées, crevasse splays and floodbasins which compare with their larger-scale counterparts. For sediments deposited overbank, median size decreases exponentially with distance from the channel whilst sorting increases, with coarser sediment on the outside of a meander bend. Overbank flows are only a few grain diameters in depth near the channel. This study shows potentially useful systematic relationships in floodplain sediment textures, but it involves only one of a possible variety of floodplain types dominated by overbank sedimentation. This suggests that further exploration of overbank depositional processes is desirable as an aid to field interpretation.