Estimation of the dielectric constant of H2O from experimental solubilities of quartz,and calculation of the thermodynamic properties of aqueous species to 900°C at 2 kb

Experimental quartz solubilities in H₂O (Anderson and Burnham, 1965, 1967) were used together with equations of state for quartz and aqueous species (Helgesonet al., 1978; Walther and Helgeson, 1977) to calculate the dielectric constant of H₂O () at pressures and temperatures greater than those for which experimental measurements (Heger, 1969; Lukashovet al., 1975) are available ($\text{0.001 ? P ? 5}\text{kb}$ and $\text{0 ? T ? 600°C}$). Estimates of computed in this way for 2 kb (which are the most reliable) range from 9.6 at 600°C to 5.6 at 800°C. These values are 0.5 and 0.8 units greater, respectively, than corresponding values estimated by Quist and Marshall (1965), but they differ by <0.3 units from extrapolated values computed from Pitzer's (1983) adaptation of the Kirkwood (1939) equation. The estimates of generated from quartz solubilities at 2 kb were fit with a power function of temperature, which was then used together with equations and data given by Helgeson and Kirkham (1974a,b, 1976) Helgesonet al. (1981), and Helgeson (1982b, 1984) to calculate Born functions, Debye Hückel parameters, and the thermodynamic properties of Na⁺, K⁺, Mg⁺⁺, Ca⁺⁺, and other aqueous species of geologic interest at temperatures to 900°C.     

The Generation and Compaction of Partially Molten Rock

The equations governing the movement of the melt and the matrixof a partially molten material are obtained from the conservationof mass, momentum, and energy using expressions from the theoryof mixtures. The equations define a length scale _c called thecompaction length, which depends only on the material propertiesof the melt and matrix. A number of simple solutions to theequations show that, if the porosity is initially constant,matrix compaction only occurs within a distance _c of an impermeableboundary. Elsewhere the gravitational forces are supported bythe viscous stresses resulting from the movement of melt, andno compaction occurs. The velocity necessary to prevent compactionis known as the minimum fluidization velocity. In all casesthe compaction rate is controlled by the properties of the matrix.These results can only be applied to geological problems ifthe values of the permeability, bulk and shear viscosity ofthe matrix can be estimated. All three depend on the microscopicgeometry of the melt, which is in turn controlled by the dihedralangle. The likely equilibrium network provides some guidancein estimating the order of magnitude of these constants, butis no substitute for good measurements, which are yet to becarried out. Partial melting by release of pressure at constantentropy is then examined as a means of produced melt withinthe earth. The principal results of geological interest are that a meanmantle temperature of 1350?C is capable of producing the oceaniccrustal thickness by partial melting. Local hot jets with temperaturesof 1550?C can produce aseismic ridges with crustal thicknessesof about 20 km on ridge axes, and can generate enough melt toproduce the Hawaiian Ridge. Higher mantle temperatures in theArchaean can produce komatiites if these are the result of modestamounts of melting at depths of greater than 100 km, and notshallow melting of most of the rock. The compaction rate ofthe partially molten rock is likely to be rapid, and melt-saturatedporosities in excess of perhaps 3 per cent are unlikely to persistanywhere over geological times. The movement of melt througha matrix does not transport major and trace elements with themean velocity of the melt, but with a slower velocity whosemagnitude depends on the distribution coefficient. This effectis particularly important when the melt fraction is small, andmay both explain some geochemical observations and provide ameans of investigating the compaction process within the earth.     

Active faults in the Sea of Marmara, western Turkey, imaged by seismic reflection profiles

Turkey is moving westward relative to Eurasia, thereby accommodating the collision between Arabia and Eurasia. This motion is mostly taken up by strike-slip deformation along the North and East Anatolian Faults. The Sea of Marmara lies over the direct westward continuation of the North Anatolian Fault zone. Just east of the Sea of Marmara, the North Anatolian Fault splits into three strands, two of which continue into the sea. While the locations of the faults are well constrained on land, it has not yet been determined how the deformation is transferred across the Sea of Marmara, onto the faults on the west coast of Turkey. We present results from a seismic reflection survey undertaken to map the faults as they continue through the three deep Marmara Sea basins of Çlnarclk, Central Marmara and Tekirdag, in order to determine how the deformation is distributed across the Sea of Marmara, and how it is taken up on the western side of the sea. The data show active dipping faults with associated tilting of sedimentary layers, connecting the North Anatolian Fault to strike-slip faults that cut the Biga and Gallipoli Peninsulas.     

Does hillslope trenching enhance groundwater recharge and baseflow in the Peruvian Andes?

As Andean glaciers rapidly retreat due to climate change, the balance of groundwater and glacial meltwater contributions to stream discharge in tropical, proglacial watersheds will change, potentially increasing vulnerability of water resources. The Shullcas River Watershed, near Huancayo, Peru, is fed only partly by the rapidly receding Huaytapallana glaciers (<20% of dry season flow). To potentially increase recharge and therefore increase groundwater derived baseflow, the government and not‐for‐profit organizations have installed trenches along large swaths of hillslope in the Shullcas Watershed. Our study focuses on a nonglacierized subcatchment of the Shullcas River Watershed and has 2 objectives: (a) create a model of the Shullcas groundwater system and assess the controls on stream discharge and (b) investigate the impact of the infiltration trenches on recharge and baseflow. We first collected hydrologic data from the field including a year‐long hydrograph (2015–2016), meteorological data (2011–2016), and infiltration measurements. We use a recharge model to evaluate the impact of trenched hillslopes on infiltration and runoff processes. Finally, we use a 3‐dimensional groundwater model, calibrated to the measured dry season baseflow, to determine the impact of trenching on the catchment. Simulations show that trenched hillslopes receive approximately 3.5% more recharge, relative to precipitation, compared with unaltered hillslopes. The groundwater model indicates that because the groundwater flow system is fast and shallow, incorporating trenched hillslopes (~2% of study subcatchment area) only slightly increases baseflow in the dry season. Furthermore, the location of trenching is an important consideration: Trenching higher in the catchment (further from the river) and in flatter terrain provides more baseflow during the dry season. The results of this study may have important implications for Andean landscape management and water resources.     

非同沉积断裂活动对邻断裂岩层厚度变化的控制作用

以露头尺度构造现象、物探成果图件、模型模拟实验及国内外有关文献资料为依据,探讨了由非同沉积断裂活动导致的、发生在邻断裂场所的岩层厚度变化的现象及规律。其表现特征为:在正断层作用下,上盘岩层发生增厚,下盘岩层出现减薄;在逆断层作用下,出现的情况正好相反;平移或走滑断层则在"滑向端"和"滑离端"分别出现增厚及减薄现象。该认识对石油、工程和找矿部门具有实际指导作用,对构造地质学的理论研究具有深化认识的意义。      

基于遥感计算云平台高原山区植被覆盖时空演变研究——以贵州省为例

为揭示喀斯特山区植被时空变化规律,选取2000-2018年间1 748景30 m分辨率Landsat-NDVI影像,结合35个气象站点数据,辅以像元二分模型、线性趋势分析及地理探测器等方法,对贵州省19年间年植被覆盖度进行定量估算,分析其植被覆盖度时空变化特征及驱动因素。结果表明:（1）贵州省中、高植被覆盖度以上的区域面积占比约63%,其中高植被覆盖度区域面积占21.16%,主要集中分布于碎屑岩地区。（2）近19年来,贵州省植被覆盖度总体缓慢趋好,年均增长速率为0.4%,严重石漠化样区多年最大植被覆盖度均值始终低于整体植被覆盖度均值。（3）研究期间贵州省植被覆盖度以轻微改善、基本不变两个等级为主,两者面积比重之和约为95.4%,退化区域主要分布在城镇周边,面积比重约为3.8%。（4）气象因素、地理区位各因子间交互作用对植被覆盖度空间格局影响大于单因子作用。综上所述,城镇面积扩展、石漠化治理工程、地理区位及气象因素等是影响植被恢复与生态环境重建的关键要素,研究植被覆盖度多年动态特征力求为相关部门的水土保持、生态环境保护及石漠化治理提供重要的基础数据及科学参考。      

Models of crustal flow in the India–Asia collision zone

Surface velocities in parts of the India–Asia collision zone are compared to velocities calculated from equations describing fluid flow driven by topographically produced pressure gradients. A good agreement is found if the viscosity of the crust is ∼10²⁰ Pa s in southern Tibet and ∼10²² Pa s in the area between the Eastern Syntaxis and the Szechwan Basin. The lower boundary condition of the flow changes between these two areas, with a stress-free lower boundary in the area between the Szechwan basin and the Eastern Syntaxis, and a horizontally rigid but vertically deformable boundary where strong Indian lithospheric material underlies southern Tibet. Deformation maps for olivine, diopside and anorthite show our findings to be consistent with laboratory measurements of the rheology of minerals. Gravitationally driven flow is also suggested to be taking place in the Indo–Burman Ranges, with a viscosity of ∼10¹⁹–10²⁰ Pa s. Flow in both southern Tibet and the Indo–Burman Ranges provides an explanation for the formation of the geometry of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis. The majority of the normal faulting earthquakes in the Tibetan Plateau occur in the area of southern Tibet which we model as gravitationally spreading over the Indian shield.     

Mapping Paleo‐Fire Boundaries from Binary Point Data: Comparing Interpolation Methods

Fire history studies have traditionally emphasized temporal rather than spatial properties of paleo‐fire regimes. In this study we compare four methods of mapping paleo‐fires in central Washington from binary point data: indicator kriging, inverse distance weighting, Thiessen polygons, and an expert approach. We evaluate the results of each mapping method using a test (validation) dataset and receiver operating characteristic plots. Interpolation methods perform well, but results vary with fire size and spatial pattern of points. Though all methods involve some subjectivity, automated interpolation methods perform well, are replicable, and can be applied across varying landscapes.