Deformation of a line-element in the phase space at the triangular libration point

The flow in the projection of the phase space into the configuration space is presented in the neighborhood of a neutrally (or critically) stable equilibrium point in the restricted problem of three bodies. The projection is a line-element every point of which has zero initial velocity. After the elapse of various times the mapping (the rotations and elongations) of the line-element is described showing chaotic behavior.     

鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长6储层渗流特征

对鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长6储层特征、微观渗流特征及影响因素进行综合研究,为开发前期评价提供科学依据。以铸体薄片、扫描电镜等分析化验资料为基础,应用恒速压汞、核磁共振等储层评价新方法对岩石类型、孔隙结构进行分析。研究表明,该区长6储层物性较好,粒间孔发育,储层孔隙结构好,以小孔、微细喉为主,可动流体饱和度高,渗流能力强,有利于高效开发。储层孔隙结构、成岩相及储层润湿性是影响相渗特征的重要因素。     

De-occultation x-ray events of 2 December, 1967

A flare rising from behind the solar limb was recorded simultaneously by the UCSD X-ray detector on OSO-III (7.7–200 keV) and the Caltech photoheliograph on Robinson Laboratory roof (Hα). The de-occultation gives excellent spatial resolution of the X-ray source. Spectra suggest that the material was already heated to 27 000 000° and that the increase in flux was due to the de-occultation. The flux rise to maximum was proportional to the apparent area. The uniformity of this rise shows that there was no special kernel of emission. Comparison of the deduced volume with the bremsstrahlung formula gives a density of about 10¹⁰ for the 27 000 000° component of the flare; this is confirmed by consideration of the maximum possible coulomb braking. The actual decay is more likely by escape rather than coulomb braking.     

Analysis of fossil testate amoebae in Selisoo Bog,Estonia: local variability and implications for palaeoecological reconstructions in peatlands

Niinemets, E., Pensa, M. & Charman, D. J. 2010: Analysis of fossil testate amoebae in Selisoo Bog, Estonia: local variability and implications for palaeoecological reconstructions in peatlands. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2010.00188.x. ISSN 0300‐9483. Local variability in decadal water‐table changes on an ombrotrophic peatland was explored using testate amoebae analysis of near‐surface peats in an Estonian raised bog. The distribution of testate amoebae assemblages was studied along the gradient from hummock to hollow in the upper 30‐cm layer of peat. As expected, testate amoebae assemblages in different micro‐ecotypes from hummock to hollow, even as close as 10 m apart, are distinctly different. Past water‐table change was reconstructed by applying a transfer function based on modern samples from throughout Europe. Results show a decline in water level from the mid‐late 20th century on Selisoo bog in all profiles from the different micro‐ecotypes. However, the absolute water‐table depths and amplitudes of fluctuations vary between reconstructions from different sampling micro‐ecotypes. Cores were correlated using changes in non‐mire pollen concentrations down‐core, but it was not possible to correlate minor changes in water‐table owing to non‐contiguous sampling and variable accumulation rates. We conclude that different microtopes show the same decadal trends in relative water‐table change but that the absolute magnitude of change may be more variable locally. It is important that reconstructed palaeohydrological changes in bogs consider changes in bog micro‐ecotypes, and their variation over time, as this may alter the sensitivity of an individual record to drivers such as climate change. Comparison and compilation of data from parallel cores from different micro‐ecotypes and/or different sites are likely to provide more robust reconstructions.     

Source enrichment processes responsible for isotopic anomalies in oceanic island basalts

A new method has been developed to separate the compositional variations in ocean island basalts into those that result from variations in source composition and from the melting process itself. The approach depends on correlations between isotope ratios, which can only come from source inhomogeneities, and elemental concentrations. Analysis of three data sets shows that the inhomogeneities beneath Theistareykir, in NE Iceland, Kilauea and Pitcairn can be produced by subduction of oceanic islands and volcanic ridges. The thicknesses of the lithosphere on which such islands were constructed and potential temperatures of the plumes that produced them can be estimated from the geochemical observations. Model ages are harder to determine, though simple assumptions give about 400 Ma for the Theistareykir source and 1.2 Ga for Kilauea. The model may also provide a physical explanation for the commonly used isotopic classification of ocean island basalts, with the isotopic composition changing from HIMU through EMII to EMI as the melt fraction increases. These results have been obtained from a small number of data sets obtained from ocean island basalts erupted in small areas during short time intervals. More such observations are needed to discover whether geochemical observations from other islands are consistent with the same model.     

On applying viewshed analysis for determining least-cost paths on Digital Elevation Models

The concept of computing least-cost paths has been proposed and discussed for a few decades but only in simplified form due to the limited computational resources in the past. With the advancement of computer technology in speed and data storage, it is now possible to implement least-cost path algorithms with realistic conditions. In this paper, we present our implementations of least-cost paths by integrating viewshed information computed from digital elevation models. Our implementations and analyses include four possible types of paths. They are scenic paths, strategic paths, hidden paths, and withdrawn paths. While possible applications of these least-cost paths include planning of civil engineering, military and environmental planning, other extensions can be formulated without much difficulty.     

基于统计损伤模型的直立层状岩质边坡失稳模型

根据直立层状岩石边坡的实际失稳模式,基于欧拉压杆失稳模型建立了直立层状岩石边坡在自重荷载作用下的失稳计算模型及临界高度计算方法。同时基于岩石内部含有初始损伤的客观事实,建立了基于统计损伤模型的直立层状岩石边坡失稳模型,并对两种不同模型的计算结果进行了讨论。研究结果表明,根据自重荷载作用下的失稳计算模型计算得到的直立岩质边坡溃屈失稳破坏临界高度约为其他研究者相应计算结果的75%,更符合边坡的实际受力特征及破坏情况。基于岩石统计损伤本构模型提出的直立层状岩石边坡失稳模型不但考虑了岩石的弹性模量等参数,而且结合了应力-应变曲线等特征,得出的结果也更符合实际。研究还发现计算参数m、ε0的变化对计算结果有较大影响,说明在类似问题中考虑岩石的损伤演化特性十分必要。     

柔性加筋注浆现场模型试验研究

采用现场修筑实体模型试验结合室内土工试验的方法,全程、全断面、实时记录了模型试验中取得的大量数据,研究了预铺柔性管加筋注浆新技术在一定注浆施工工艺参数条件下水平柔性花管注浆实现机制、注浆施工工艺特性及注浆加固范围和效果。文中重点介绍了预铺水平柔性加筋注浆管现场模型试验的试验设计、模型修筑方案及制作、试验测试内容和研究方法。试验结果表明,预铺水平柔性加筋注浆新技术施工工艺简单、加固效果良好,具有很好的开发利用价值。同时,现场大型单点模型试验与现场实际施工条件基本一致,试验所得成果和施工参数能够直接用于实际施工,对回填加固类似工程采用本新技术施工具有一定的借鉴和指导作用。     

The influence of vegetation composition on peat humification: implications for palaeoclimatic studies

Peat humification analysis is a widely used palaeoclimate proxy. However, recent studies combining humification with other proxies of mire surface wetness have identified inconsistencies between the records. We illustrate this inconsistency by comparing humification records with plant macrofossil profiles in three ombrotrophic bogs. Peat humification is a measure for organic decay and reflects changing palaeohydrological conditions and former vegetation composition. The resulting signal is considered to be a derived response to climate. However, even minor changes in the botanical composition of the peat may have a significant influence on humification measurements. The implications of this for palaeoclimate studies are discussed. The assumption that climate has been the major influence on variations in humification rests on the botanical composition being relatively homogeneous throughout the peat profile, and is therefore questionable. Consideration should be given to developing species-specific measures of humification and to testing the assumption that the major influence on peat humification is the surface wetness of the bog (and therefore climate).