内蒙古呼和浩特市承压地下水水位监测网优化

定量评价地下水监测网的合理性对于准确、经济地获取高质量的监测数据尤为重要.本文针对呼和浩特市平原区现行承压水监测网,以估计误差标准差作为衡量监测网合理与否的特征参数,借助 ArcGIS 地学统计模块,利用普通Kriging插值模型,对待测点进行插值,获取估计误差标准差等值线图.结果表明:监测水位估计误差标准差范围由优化前的0.47~4.44变为优化后的0.5~0.8(除研究区西南边界附近外),研究区整体估计误差标准差显著减小,且全区范围内变幅较小.优化后的监测网在满足监测精度需要的同时,能够较大程度节省监测网的运行费用.研究成果为呼和浩特市平原区承压水水位监测提供一个较优化的监测网布设方案,进而为研究区承压地下水的合理开发利用以及相关环境地质问题提供真实可靠的数据支撑,具有重要的应用价值.     

低空热红外遥感在探测输油管道中的应用

针对采用常规地面探测方式探测地下输油管道工作量大,需要花费大量人力、财力和时间等问题,该文论证利用无人机搭载热红外遥感探测地下输油管道的可行性。具有较高温度的石油在地下管道运行时不断向周围扩散热量,可在地表形成温度明显高于背景温度的热扩散异常带,根据这一原理,采用红外热成像法探测地下输油管道,实现其位置的定位;随着低空无人机遥感技术的发展,将无人机和热红外遥感技术结合,通过数据后处理和影像解译,实现快速较大面积的输油管道探测。选择天津市大港油田某一区域作为试验区,制定完整的技术流程,共发现地下输油管道134条,补充完善了已有管线资料,具有良好的应用效果。     

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷火山岩裂缝形成机理

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷是位于松辽盆地北部深层的半地堑型晚侏罗世-早白垩世伸展断陷,火山岩发育。在已有研究成果的基础上,结合野外露头和岩心观测及镜下研究发现：本区火山岩构造裂缝和溶蚀裂缝都比较发育,具有明显的规律性,多数原生缝被后期的构造应力或溶蚀作用改造成次生缝。本区裂缝形成的控制因素较多,主要有应力、构造、岩性和岩相、溶蚀作用、风化淋滤、构造应力场演化等,其中构造应力场演化、岩性和岩相及风化溶蚀作用是控制裂缝形成的主要因素。构造裂缝以高角度的张扭性和张性缝为主,多为半充填和无充填,具有多期、多方向、组合复杂等特点,是晚侏罗世至新近纪各种地质作用相互叠加的结果。构造通过控制不同构造部位的局部应力场分布来控制裂缝发育程度,沿断裂带存在明显的应力集中,形成裂缝发育带,特别在正断层上升盘、断层端部、背斜轴部等应力集中部位容易形成构造裂缝。有效火山岩油气储层为各类原生孔隙与裂缝的有效组合。由于火山喷发多个旋回叠加,加之风化剥蚀及不整合面的存在,造成裂缝在纵向上发育具有旋回性,溶蚀裂缝主要在不整合面附近发育。在平面上,裂缝主要发育在断裂密集区、断裂交汇部位和背形或向形构造发育的地区。本区处于爆发相和溢流相火山岩的发育区,气孔和裂缝最发育,特别是溢流相的流纹岩中,裂缝和气孔均较为发育,是本区的优质储层最发育区,也是天然气富集区。     

Long‐term variability in the water budget and its controls in an oak‐dominated temperate forest

Water availability is one of the key environmental factors that control ecosystem functions in temperate forests. Changing climate is likely to alter the ecohydrology and other ecosystem processes, which affect forest structures and functions. We constructed a multi‐year water budget (2004–2010) and quantified environmental controls on an evapotranspiration (ET) in a 70‐year‐old mixed‐oak woodland forest in northwest Ohio, USA. ET was measured using the eddy‐covariance technique along with precipitation (P), soil volumetric water content (VWC), and shallow groundwater table fluctuation. Three biophysical models were constructed and validated to calculate potential ET (PET) for developing predictive monthly ET models. We found that the annual variability in ET was relatively stable and ranged from 578 mm in 2009 to 670 mm in 2010. In contrast, ET/P was more variable and ranged from 0.60 in 2006 to 0.96 in 2010. Mean annual ET/PET_FAO was 0.64, whereas the mean annual PET_FAO/P was 1.15. Annual ET/PET_FAO was relatively stable and ranged from 0.60 in 2005 to 0.72 in 2004. Soil water storage and shallow groundwater recharge during the non‐growing season were essential in supplying ET during the growing season when ET exceeded P. Spring leaf area index (LAI), summer photosynthetically active radiation, and autumn and winter air temperatures (T_a) were the most significant controls of monthly ET. Moreover, LAI regulated ET during the whole growing season and higher temperatures increased ET even during dry periods. Our empirical modelling showed that the interaction of LAI and PET explained >90% of the variability in measured ET. Altogether, we found that increases in T_a and shifts in P distribution are likely to impact forest hydrology by altering shallow groundwater fluctuations, soil water storage, and ET and, consequently, alter the ecosystem functions of temperate forests. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用Jason-1数据监测呼伦湖水位变化

卫星测高为内陆水域水位变化的实时和连续监测提供了一种高效的技术工具．但是这种应用受到数据点覆盖稀疏的限制。利用Jason-13年（2002-2004）GDRs测高数据作简单的数据编辑,并进行必要的地球物理改正．最后得到内蒙古地区呼伦湖水位变化的时间序列。呼伦湖地区由于近年来持续干旱,水位呈现明显的下降趋势．年平均下降约0．3～0．5m。在一般的内陆水域．水位变化主要取决于降雨量和蒸发量,所以,根据卫星测高所得的水位变化信息．可以为区域气候变化的研究提供一种全新的技术与方法。     

电子商务背景下县域物流的空间联系及其网络结构研究 ——以浙江省为例

互联网及移动互联网纵深拓展,电子商务随之发展壮大,县域物流的空间结构也加速演进,研究基于空间联系视角,通过引力模型、社会网络分析等方法刻画了浙江省县域物流空间联系特征及其网络结构,得出以下结论：① 空间联系网络的“核心-边缘”格局清晰,最大引力线核心区域结构较为稳定,边缘区的竞争演进仍在继续,而且空间联系格局层级性较为明显,浙北、浙东及浙中的网络复杂度稳步提升;② 物流空间联系势能的空间分布呈现从南到北逐渐集聚的趋势,与电子商务发展水平的空间拟合度较高;③ 物流网络多中心性格局演化呈稳定均衡化发展,在电子商务发展影响下,逐渐形成以杭州市辖区、宁波市辖区、义乌市、温州市辖区等为主导的四大县域物流圈。     

论西北地区资源优势与可持续发展

从资源，环境，经济协调发展的关系出发，论述了西北地区资源优势及西北地区走可持续发展的必然性，同时提出了西北地区经济可持续发展的对策和建议。     

地幔的碳同位素

近年来对金刚石、金伯利岩、碳酸岩、大洋玄武岩、地幔包体等地幔样品的碳同位素越来越多的研究发现，地幔碳的同位素主要集中分布一５‰附近，而在－１５‰￣－２５‰区段有另一较弱的分布。目前的地幔碳的物相转变、沉积碳的俯冲和地幔去气等假说都很难解释这种碳同位素分布，原始地幔可能是碳同位素不均一的。     

Concurrent Treatment of 1,4‐Dioxane and Chlorinated Aliphatics in a Groundwater Recirculation System Via Aerobic Cometabolism

This research demonstrates that groundwater contaminated by a relatively dilute but persistent concentration of 1,4‐dioxane (1,4‐D), approximately 60 μg/L, and chlorinated aliphatic co‐contaminants (1.4 to 10 μg/L) can be efficiently and reliably treated by in situ aerobic cometabolic biodegradation (ACB). A field trial lasting 265 days was conducted at Operable Unit D at the former McClellan Air Force Base and involved establishing an in situ ACB reactor through amending recirculated groundwater with propane and oxygen. The stimulated indigenous microbial population was able to consistently degrade 1,4‐D to below 3 μg/L while the co‐contaminants trichloroethene (TCE) and 1,2‐dichloroethane (1,2‐DCA) were decreased to below 1 μg/L and 0.18 μg/L, respectively. A stable treatment efficiency of more than 95% removal for 1,4‐D and 1,2‐DCA and of more than 90% removal for TCE was achieved. High treatment efficiencies for 1,4‐D and all co‐contaminants were sustained even without propane and oxygen addition for a 2‐week period.     

塔里木盆地北部下奥陶统碳酸盐岩孔洞充填物特征及其成岩环境分析

为了正确分析和评价碳酸盐岩溶蚀孔洞在埋藏成岩环境中的发育和保存条件,对塔里木盆地北部露头剖面中下奥陶统白云岩及其溶蚀孔洞的充填物进行了详细的矿物学和地球化学研究,试图对这类孔洞充填物沉淀时的成岩环境进行恢复。大型洞穴充填物的矿物学特征和微孔洞充填物扫描电镜的分析表明,此类孔洞的环带状充填物具有明显的世代性,由基岩向孔洞中心,至少可识别出4期充填物,即第1期的乳白色白云石,第2期的铁质浸染的杂色高镁方解石,第3期的无色透明白云石和第4期的自形石英。碳、氧同位素分析结果表明,孔洞充填物形成于高温条件,结合微量元素、稀土元素所示的成岩信息可进一步推断其形成于高温埋藏环境,而非现代表生暴露期的充填物;第1期和第3期白云石充填物形成在相对还原且高盐度的流体性质条件下,而第2期高镁方解石充填物沉淀时相对偏氧化,盐度也偏低。据下奥陶统此类4期充填物的特征分析可知,第2期高镁方解石充填物的发育可能与构造抬升导致成岩环境的改变有关。