A large-scale obliquely inclined bedding rockslide triggered by heavy rainstorm on the 8th of July 2020 in Shiban Village,Guizhou, China

A large-scale obliquely inclined bedding rockslide, activated by a heavy rainstorm, occurred on July 8, 2020, at 7:05 (UTC?+?8) in Shiban Village, Songtao Miao Autonomous County, Guizhou Province, China. The loss of life in this event was greatly reduced owing to the local warning system for rainstorm-induced geohazards. To understand the failure characteristics, triggering factors, the genetic mechanism of the landslide, the geomorphological features, geological characteristics, hydrological conditions, and rainfall characteristics were systematically studied by a synthetic approach including field investigations, satellite imagery, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photography, laboratory tests, and rainfall data statistics. The results indicated that the interface between the soft and hard rock, the well-developed joints, and the free face in front of the slope constituted the boundaries of this landslide. The concave topography at the back and southern edge of the landslide, the bare ground, and the cataclastic structure of the rock mass provided favorable conditions for the collection or infiltration of rainwater. The concentrated rainstorm was the direct trigger for the landslide, which led to a rapid inflow and retention of rainfall in the landslide through favorable landform and geological conditions. The groundwater recharge that cannot be drained in time caused the mechanical deterioration of rock mass and induced a rapid increase in pore water pressure in the landslide. Moreover, the water level of the Ganlong River at the toe of the slope also rose rapidly, and the uplift pressure in front of the slope increased accordingly. Under the combined action of these adverse factors, the overall anti-sliding force of the slope was less than the sliding force, finally resulting in the landslide. Remarkably, the local warning system for rainstorm-induced geohazards successfully forecasted the landslide, but the shortcoming is that the forecast time in advance is short. Nevertheless, the prediction has significantly reduced human casualties and provided valuable experience for the prediction of this type of landslide.

     

Comparison of interpolation models for estimating heavy metals in soils under various spatial characteristics and sampling methods

Heavy metal pollution in soils has become increasingly challenging, especially in developing countries. Estimating the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils is essential to preventing their build‐up. This article aims to identify the effects of spatial scales, spatial autocorrelation, sampling methods, and proportion on interpolation models in estimating the distribution of heavy metals in soils. Six interpolation models (area‐and‐point kriging, AAPK; inverse distance weighting, IDW; local polynomial interpolation, LP; ordinary kriging, OK; simple kriging, SK; and thin plate spline, TPS), three sampling methods (random, stratified, and systematic sampling), and five sampling proportions (1, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) are considered in this study using sets of simulated data, and the real situation was tested for verification. The results show that, in general, with the increase of spatial autocorrelation or the sampling percentage, the accuracy and stability of different interpolation models gradually increase; however, the various interpolation models have their own specific characteristics and application conditions. The best application conditions of the interpolation models compared with other models under the same situation are summarized and explained in theory. These conclusions have implications for future work.     

An integrated assessment of INDCs under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways: an implementation of C<Superscript>3</Superscript>IAM

A series of global actions have been made to address climate change. As a recent developed climate policy, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) have renewed attention to the importance of exploring temperature rise levels lower than 2 °C, in particular a long-term limit of 1.5 °C, compared to the preindustrial level. Nonetheless, achieving the 2 °C target under the current INDCs depends on dynamic socioeconomic development pathways. Therefore, this study conducts an integrated assessment of INDCs by taking into account different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). To that end, the CEEP-BIT research community develops the China’s Climate Change Integrated Assessment Model (C³IAM) to assess the climate change under SSPs in the context of with and without INDCs. Three SSPs, including “a green growth strategy” (SSP1), “a more middle-of-the-road development pattern” (SSP2) and “further fragmentation between regions” (SSP3) form the focus of this study. Results show that after considering INDCs, mitigation costs become very low and they have no evident positive changes in three SSPs. In 2100, a temperature rise would occur in SSP1-3, which is 3.20, 3.48 and 3.59 °C, respectively. There are long-term difficulties to keep warming well below 2 °C and pursue efforts toward 1.5 °C target even under INDCs. A drastic reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is needed in order to mitigate potentially catastrophic climate change impacts. This work contributes on realizing the hard link between the earth and socioeconomic systems, as well as extending the economic models by coupling the global CGE model with the economic optimum growth model. In C³IAM, China’s energy consumption and emissions pattern are investigated and refined. This study can provide policy makers and the public a better understanding about pathways through which different scenarios could unfold toward 2100, highlights the real mitigation and adaption challenges faced by climate change and can lead to formulating effective policies.     

Paleoproterozoic Nb-enriched meta-gabbros in the Quanji Massif,NW China:Implications for assembly of the Columbia supercontinent

Diverse models have been proposed for the role of the Tarim Craton within the Paleoproterozoic Columbia supercontinent assembly. Here we report a suite of-1.71 Ga Nb-enriched meta-gabbro lenses in the eastern Quanji Massif, within the Tarim Craton in NW China. The meta-gabbroic rocks have Nb contents of 11.5-16.4 ppm with Nb/La ratios varying from 0.84 to 1.02((Nb/La)_N = 0.81-0.98) and Nb/U ratios from 38.0 to 47.2. They show low SiO_2(45.1-48.5 wt.%) and MgO(5.96-6.81 wt.%) and Mg#(Mg# = Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 43.5-47.7), high FeO~t(13.0-15.7 wt.%) and moderate Ti02(1.70-2.51 wt.%).with tholeiitic affinities. These rocks possess low fractionated REE patterns without obvious Eu anomalies(Eu/Eu~* = 0.87-1.02). Their primitive mantle-normalized elements patterns display significant Zr-Hf troughs, positive Nb anomalies, weak negative Ti and P anomalies, and high contents of Rb and Ba,resembling Nb-enriched basalts generated in arc-related tectonic settings. Their arc-like geochemical signatures together with whole rock εNd(t) values of 0.4-2.1 and corresponding old T_(DM)(2.22-2.37 Ga)as well as(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)_t and(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)t(t = 1712 Ma) values of 0.5104-0.5105 and 0.7030-0.7058,respectively, suggest that their precursor magma originated from mantle wedge peridotite metasomatised by subduction-derived melts. The results from our study reveal subduction along the eastern periphery of the Tarim Craton and marginal outgrowth continuing to ~1.7 Ga within the Columbia supercontinent.     

Eocene Granitoids of the Okhotsk Granodiorite Complex (South Sakhalin)

Doklady Earth Sciences - As a result of U–Pb dating by LA-ICP-MS, the age of zircons from granitoids was determined to be 42.1–44.3 Ma for the rocks of first phase and 42.4–42.7...     

Measuring precursory movements of the recent Xinmo landslide in Mao County,China with Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 datasets

The Xinmo landslide occurred in the early morning of 24 June 2017 at about 5:38 am local time. This catastrophic event caused enormous casualties and huge economic losses in Xinmo Village, Mao County, Sichuan Province, China. In this study, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) datasets acquired by X-band TerraSAR-X, Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2 (PALSAR-2) aboard the Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2), and C-band Sentinel-1 over the disaster area were collected and analyzed to characterize this landslide. The high-resolution TerraSAR-X intensity images were used to evaluate the landslide disaster and delineate the sliding area. Afterwards, two ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 image pairs and a stack of 45 Sentinel-1 images were processed to detect precursory movements of the landslide surface, using the conventional differential InSAR (DInSAR) method and advanced time series InSAR analysis. The unstable source area near the ridge was identified from the displacement rate map derived from Sentinel-1 datasets. The maximum displacement rate detected at the source area was ?35mm/year along the radar line of sight (LOS) direction. The time series of LOS displacements over 2 years presents an easily discerned seasonal evolution pattern. In particular, a sudden acceleration of the displacement, dozens of days before the collapse was clearly captured by the Sentinel-1 observations, which might suggest that early warning of landslide disasters is possible given the availability of operational SAR data acquired in frequent repeat-pass mode, such as the Sentinel-1 twin-satellite constellation.     

南海西科1井上新世以来礁滩体系内部构成及其沉积模式

通过对西科1井薄片进行鉴定, 对上新世以来莺歌海组和乐东组礁滩沉积体系的古生物种类、岩石微相类型及成因相类型进行了系统剖析.研究表明: 乐东组造礁生物以珊瑚和红藻为主, 莺歌海组以红藻为主.附礁生物主要包括有孔虫、棘皮类和绿藻, 其中有孔虫为最重要的附礁生物, 绿藻只在乐东组的个别层段极发育.根据生物种类及含量、泥晶、亮晶及粒间孔含量的大小关系, 识别出10种岩石微相.在此基础上, 将礁滩体系划分为生物礁、生屑滩和泻湖3种成因相组合.生物礁包括礁基、礁核和礁盖3种成因相, 其中礁盖可见显著的溶蚀现象, 形成粒内溶孔、铸模孔等次生孔隙.在研究井段仅发育礁后滩, 靠近礁核的礁后内侧滩生屑及粒间孔含量高, 而泥晶少; 靠近泻湖的礁后外侧滩则情况相反.泻湖主要沉积大量灰泥, 生屑含量少.礁滩体系仅在海侵体系域和高位体系域发育, 各成因相之间具有相对固定的成因相垂向叠置关系.海侵体系域主要发育退积型成因相组合序列, 准层序以代表海泛面的泥晶含量较高的成因相结束; 高位体系域主要发育进积型成因相组合序列, 多以对应暴露面的礁盖结束.      

山东夏甸金矿找矿地球化学模型与找矿标志

夏甸矿区主要矿石类型为黄铁绢英岩型,是典型的蚀变岩型金矿,通过对其各类微量元素、有机烃气异常在不同中段的展布特征和轴向分带指数等进行分析总结,得出该矿床原生晕分带序列为:烃类组分、Hg、Sb(矿前缘),As(矿头),Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn(矿中),Co、Ni(矿尾),总结了地球化学找矿标志,为其深部以及其外围地区的找矿预测评价提供了科学依据。     

南海深海平原柱状样QD189磁化率、非磁滞剩磁、粒度、碎屑矿物丰度之间的主要关系

磁学可能是南海深海平原古环境研究取得突破的关键方面之一。众多磁学参数中,磁化率是最基本、最综合反映沉积物磁性矿物总体状况的参数,非磁滞剩磁对单畴颗粒含量敏感,而且单畴颗粒是剩磁的主要携带者,结合粒度、碎屑矿物丰度等数据探索南海深海平原柱状样QD189磁化率和非磁滞剩磁地质含义。在磁化率大于45×10-5层位和481 cm以浅的磁化率小于45×10-5的层段,磁化率、2~5粒级含量、ARM和ARM@20m T变化一致性较好,2~5粒级软磁性多畴颗粒含量变化可能是这些层位磁化率变化的主要原因。在808~488 cm层段内,小于45×10-5的磁化率与2~5粒级含量、ARM和ARM@20m T变化总体上一致性较差,磁化率变化机制有待进一步研究。2~5粒级是QD189重要的较粗粒级组分,大体上以深度350 cm为界具有下层段含量较高且粒度变化大、上层段含量较低且粒度变化小的特点。ARM@20m T比ARM更加真实地表示QD189单畴颗粒含量,除了单畴颗粒外,9~12粒级假单畴、多畴颗粒矿物对665~48 cm层段的ARM可能有一定贡献,其中,层段548~310 cm的ARM中可能还有6~9粒级多畴颗粒的贡献。通过碎屑矿物丰度、火山玻璃丰度和(或)磁化率异常峰值的对应关系识别出6次火山活动,火山玻璃丰度的分布特点还揭示出QD189中普遍发生生物扰动作用。     

Study of coastal wetland classification based on decision rules using ALOS AVNIR-2 images and ancillary geospatial data

Wetlands play irreplaceable key roles in ecological and environmental procedures. To make effective conservation and management, it is essential to understand the wetlands’ distribution and changes. In this study, an approach based on decision rules algorithm in conjunction with maximum likelihood classification is proposed for coastal wetland mapping using multi-temporal remotely sensed imagery and ancillary geospatial data. As a case study, Multi-temporal Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 images acquired by Japanese Advanced Land Observation Satellite are analysed to investigate the seasonal change pattern of coastal wetlands in Washington State, USA. Geospatial data, including Digital Elevation Model and spatial neighbourhood knowledge, are further integrated to characterize wetland features and discriminate classes within a certain elevation ranges. The final result is a refined coastal wetland map with 15 land cover categories. Preliminary evaluation of the final result shows that the proposed approach is effective in coastal wetland mapping.