Dolomitization and the causes of dolomitization dolomite reservoir

This paper utilizes multi-methods,such as core observation,slice identification,isotope analysis,trace element analysis,fluid inclusion technique and so on,to study the causes of the dolomite in the Nanpu Sag and the origins of the dolomite reservoir.The study results show that the forming environment of dolomite in the Nanpu Sag is a fresh-water lake environment,and the dolomite is the product of dolomitization which is caused by volcanic thermal fluids in the Early Dongying period.With the development of intergranular pores in the dolomitization process,a lot of dissolved pores/vugs and fractures were formed by denudation in the later periods because of the influence of thermal fluids including the associated fluids of volcanic activities and the expelled hydrocarbon fluids of the source rocks.On the whole,these secondary dissolution spaces greatly enhance the reservoir ability of the dolomite,and there are enough reservoir spaces in the dolomite in the Nanpu Sag.     

冻融作用下砂土颗粒形态变化规律研究

土壤中的石英颗粒的表面形态不仅是该沉积物物源区沉积环境、 搬运机制的信息载体, 同时也会直接影响到砂土的宏观物理特性, 对力学和实际工程有着重要的意义。借助显微与高精度图像处理技术, 采用长径比, 磨圆度两个量化指标, 对经过不同次数冻融作用的两组砂土颗粒进行观察。结果表明： 砂土颗粒在冻融循环过程中, 由于颗粒之间的相互作用, 磨圆度先增大后减小, 最后趋于稳定; 长径比先减小, 后增加, 最后趋于稳定。长径比与磨圆度的变化曲线共轭。     

基于岩体结构特征和未确知测度评价模型的岩质开挖边坡稳定性研究

综合黔西地区层状岩质开挖边坡研究成果发现:岩体结构特征是分析评价层状边坡变形失稳模式、机制和稳定性的重要基础。因此,结合该地区层状边坡地质条件的差异性,针对性地划分岩体结构类型对边坡的分析评价尤为重要。考虑地层岩性组合、地质构造、软弱夹层（结构面）因素,系统地将边坡岩体结构类型分为4个大类（近水平-缓倾边坡岩体,倾斜层状边坡岩体,陡倾、直立、倒转层状岩体,地质构造作用强烈或含有溶蚀洞穴、沟壑的边坡岩体）和10个亚类,并针对相应类型的边坡进行工程地质综合评价,分别阐述了失稳模式和机制。以边坡岩体结构类型为基础,甄选影响开挖边坡稳定性的6个定性指标和6个定量指标;对指标组合赋权,用未确知测度理论对边坡进行稳定性预测评价,建立了“岩体结构-指标组合赋权-未确知测度理论”的新评价体系。实例预测结果表明预测结果与实际情况具有较好的一致性,说明该方法是一种可靠性高、科学合理的稳定性预测新方法,可在相关工程领域中应用推广。     

Thermal History since the Paleozoic in the Eastern Qaidam Basin,Northwest China

The Qaidam Basin is the one of the three major petroliferous basins in northeastern Tibetan Plateau, which has experienced multiphase superimposition and transformation. The study of thermal history not only plays an important role on revealing the tectonic origin of the Qaidam Basin and the forming mechanism and uplift history of the Tibetan Plateau,but also can provide scientific evidence for the assessment of oil and gas resources. This work used balanced cross-section technique and apatite fission track ages with modeling of fission track length distribution to infer that the eastern Qaidam Basin has experienced significant tectonic movement in the Early Jurassic movement(～200 Ma), which caused the carboniferous uplift and denudation, the geological movement in the Late Cretaceous, characterized by early stretching and late northeast-southwest extrusion; the Himalayan movement in multi-stage development in eastern Qaidam Basin, which can be divided into the early Himalayan movement(41.1–33.6 Ma) and the late Himalayan movement(9.6–7.1 Ma, 2.9–1.8 Ma), and large-scale orogeny caused pre-existing faults reactivated in late Himalayan movement. On the basis of burial history reconstruction, the thermal history of eastern Qaidam Basin was restored. The result shows that the thermal history in eastern Qaidam Basin shows slow cooling characteristics; the paleo-geothermal gradient of eastern Qaidam Basin was 38–41.5℃/km, with an average value of 39.0℃/km in the Late Paleozoic, 29–35.2℃/km, with an average value of 33.0℃/km in the Early Paleogene; the geothermal gradient of the Qaidam Basin increased in the Late Paleogene, which was similar to the present geothermal gradient in the Late Neogene. The characteristics of the tectono-thermal evolution since Paleozoic in the eastern Qaidam Basin are mainly controlled by magmatic thermal events in the study area.     

四川盆地富顺-永川地区五峰组—龙马溪组应力场模拟及裂缝发育区预测

岩石中构造裂缝主要受控于地层所处的区域构造应力场,地应力对油气的运移、成藏和分布有着重要的作用。通过应用ANSYS有限元数值模拟方法对四川盆地富顺-永川区块的五峰组-龙马溪组进行应力场模拟及分析研究、应用构造曲率法中的三点法对该层段页岩进行张裂缝发育情况预测研究、综合模拟结果与曲率计算数据对目的区域目的层段进行裂缝发育强度综合预测研究,结果表明富顺-永川区块五峰组-龙马溪组应力高值沿背斜走向分布的规律明显,研究区的东部及西南部的背斜应力值较其他区域背斜高;曲率高值沿背斜走向分布的规律明显,研究区东部及西南部背斜曲率值较其他区域背斜高;在现今应力的作用下,研究区背斜处裂缝发育程度较高,向斜处裂缝发育程度较低,研究区东部及西南部背斜裂缝发育程度较其他区域高。      

Hydrological Variations and the Ancient Silk Road in the Northern Tarim Basin between Han and Sui Dynasties

The fluctuation pattern of China's civilization can be ascribed to climate change and historical geopolitical variations. The ancient Silk Road served as the most prosperous route connecting East Asia and Europe during Han Dynasty(206 BC–220 AD) and Sui-Tang Dynasties(581–907 AD), but was deserted in Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties(220–580 AD), of which the Tarim Basin was a key area. However, our understanding about the decline of the route during this period remains limited. Here, we present an ～7-year resolution record based on optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) age-depth model(ca. 120 BC–750 AD) from Luntai(LT) profile, about 5 km from the modern Tarim River, which fed the ancient oases, to assess the potential causes on the documented decline of the ancient Silk Road between Late Han and Sui dynasties. In this study, five episodes of hydrological change were identified by combining grain size, magnetic susceptibility, geochemistry and TOC/TN contents. Our reconstruction reveals that cold and wet climate dominated at 120 BC–50 AD and 550–750 AD, respectively, indicated by strong hydrodynamic conditions. Relatively warm and humid climate occurred at 120–550 AD, between Eastern Han and Sui-Tang dynasties, indicating a better and more suitable local environment. A comparison between the studied region and other areas of China demonstrates that the paleoclimatic variations in eastern and western China exhibit rough discrepancies, and the hydrological conditions in arid region is inconsistent with the decline of ancient Silk Road in the northern Tarim Basin. We suggest that political and societal factors are the key issues that caused the interruption of Silk Road during Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties, such as the co-occurrence of societal crises, turmoil and division in eastern China, rather than the deteriorating climatic condition in the northern Tarim basin.     

The Impact of the Linked Factors of Provenance, Tectonics and Climate on Potash Formation: An Example from the Potash Deposits of Lop Nur Depression in Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, Western China

Potash deposits commonly accumulate in highly restricted settings at the final stage of brine evaporation. This does not mean that potash deposits are formed simply as a result of the evaporation concentration of seawater or lake water, but rather as a coupling result of particular provenance, tectonics and climate activities. In this paper, we focus on the formative mechanism of the potash deposits of Lop Nur depression in Tarim Basin to interpret the detailed coupling mechanism among provenance, tectonics and climate. In terms of the provenance of Lop Nur Lake, the water of the Tarim River which displays “potassium-rich” characteristics play an important role. In addition, the Pliocene and Lower-Middle Pleistocene clastic beds surrounding Lop Nur Lake host a certain amount of soluble potassium and thus serves as “source beds” for potash formation. During the late Pliocene, the Lop Nur region has declined and evolved into a great lake from the previous piedmont and diluvial fan area. Since the mid Pleistocene, the great-united Lop Nur Lake has been separated and has generated a chain system consisting of Taitema Lake, Big Ear Lake and Luobei Lake which has turned into the deepest sag in Lop Nur Lake. Dry climate in Lop Nur region has increased since the Pliocene, and became extreme at the late Pleistocene. The study implies that potash formation in Lop Nur Lake depends on the optimal combination of extreme components of provenance, tectonics and climate during a shorter-term period. The optimal patterns of three factors are generally characterized by the long-term accumulation and preliminary enrichment of potassium, the occurrence of the deepest sub-depression and the appearance of an extremely arid climate in Lop Nur region. These factors have been interacting synergistically since the forming of the saline lake and in the later stages strong “vapor extraction” caused by extremely arid climate is needed to trigger large scale mineralization of potash deposits.     

老挝他曲地区石盐流体包裹体特征、氢氧同位素组成及成盐物质补给方式

对老挝他曲地区钻孔中石盐流体包裹体特征、类型以及氢氧同位素组成进行了研究,用以重塑盆地成盐过程中的古环境,并在此基础上对盆地成盐物质的补给方式进行了探讨。结果显示,钻孔中塔贡组下盐段原生石盐岩主要包括人字形和漏斗形晶体两种类型。其中人字形石盐晶体在下盐段中广泛发育,漏斗形晶体数量较少,但通常与人字形石盐晶体产于同一层位,指示了下盐段沉积时盆地处于一种极浅水环境。石盐原生流体包裹体氢氧同位素组成明显偏离全球大气降水线,集中分布于其右下方,反映盆地成盐过程中处于强烈蒸发条件之下。氢氧同位素组成在纵向上的变化,可能揭示了在盐湖演化至钾盐沉积阶段大气温度具有升高趋势。白垩纪中期全球海平面达到极大值,而在呵叻盆地内部,持续的坳陷和强烈的蒸发作用将导致湖平面快速下降。这样,外海与盐盆之间则会产生水位差,由此产生的水力梯度将为外海海水通过障壁向盆地方向进行渗透提供潜在的动力。此外,早白垩世呵叻高原广泛发育的沙漠沉积,则为外海海水大规模的侧向渗透进入盐盆提供了可能的通道。因此,结合现有的资料,本文提出,除海侵补给外,外海通过障壁侧向渗透补给对老挝钾盐盆地成盐物质的供给也具有重要作用。     

“二元法”在构造裂缝定量预测中的应用——以松辽盆地青一段泥页岩为例

松辽盆地青山口组一段是一套重要的烃源岩层,也是盆地主要的裂缝性油藏和页岩油藏发育层。裂缝不仅是油气运移的主要通道,也是重要的储集空间,裂缝分布规律的评价对盆地今后页岩油和裂缝性油藏的勘探开发具有重要的指导意义。利用ANSYS与Suffer联合建模并采用Petrel软件对研究区岩石力学参数进行三维随机模拟的方法,对松辽盆地古近纪末期的应力场进行了三维数值模拟。结果表明,研究区最大主应力的变化范围为24~147 MPa,最小主应力变化范围为3.8~114.4 MPa;扶余隆起带附近为最大主应力低值区,大庆长垣附近为最大主应力高值区;最小水平主应力的应力低值区和高值区的分布与最大水平主应力大致相同。在此基础上,采用二元法对裂缝密度作了定量的预测,预测值与实测值吻合度较高。预测结果显示,齐家—古龙凹陷、大庆长垣以及梨树—德惠等地裂缝相对较为发育,是下一步勘探的重点。      

《地质学报》、《地质学报》（英文版）和《地质论评》全部入选“中国期刊方阵”

罗布泊盐湖位于新疆塔里木盆地东部，自古以来，一直引起国内外探险家的极大兴趣，近代开展探险考察，现代进入地质调查与科学研究阶段。自1995年在罗布泊罗北凹地发现超大型钾盐矿床以来，罗布泊盐湖地质科学研究与资源调查进入了一个新阶段。钾盐找矿取得重大进展，罗北凹地获得2．5亿吨卤水氯化钾资源／储量，达超大型规模；首次发现卤水钾矿床储藏于钙芒硝岩中，属一种新类型钾盐矿床，而且是一个优质整装的硫酸盐型钾盐矿床；继而，在罗北凹地外围又发现四个中型钾盐矿床，累计氯化钾资源量数千万吨。钾盐成矿理论方面，提出和完善了“高山深盆迁移论”，“两段式成钾论”和“含水墙成钾”模式等，这些成矿认识，指导了罗布泊盐湖钾盐大规模勘查和扩大找矿。钾盐开发方面，2000年，成立新疆罗布泊钾盐公司，先后完成中试，建成年产4万吨硫酸钾示范厂，2006年4月25日，国投新疆罗布泊钾盐有限责任公司120万吨钾肥项目开工。罗布泊钾盐的开发可望在我国西部欧亚大陆桥沿线建成第二个钾肥生产基地，对缓解我国钾盐紧缺状况，促进地方经济发展、保持社会稳定、巩固边防均具有重要意义。