Changes of soil surface roughness under water erosion process

The objective of this study was to determine the changing characteristics of soil surface roughness under different rainfall intensities and examine the interaction between soil surface roughness and different water erosion processes. Four artificial management practices (raking cropland, artificial hoeing, artificial digging, and contour tillage) were used according to the local agriculture customs of the Loess Plateau of China to simulate different types of soil surface roughness, using an additional smooth slope for comparison purposes. A total of 20 rainfall simulation experiments were conducted in five 1 m by 2 m boxes under two rainfall intensities (0.68 and 1.50 mm min^?1) on a 15° slope. During splash erosion, soil surface roughness decreased in all treatments except raking cropland and smooth baseline under rainfall intensity of 0.68 mm min^?1, while increasing for all treatments except smooth baseline under rainfall intensity of 1.50 mm min^?1. During sheet erosion, soil surface roughness decreased for all treatments except hoeing cropland under rainfall intensity of 0.68 mm min^?1. However, soil surface roughness increased for the artificial hoeing and raking cropland under rainfall intensity of 1.50 mm min^?1. Soil surface roughness has a control effect on sheet erosion for different treatments under two rainfall intensities. For rill erosion, soil surface roughness increased for raking cropland and artificial hoeing treatments, and soil surface roughness decreased for artificial digging and the contour tillage treatments under two rainfall intensities. Under rainfall intensity of 0.68 mm min^?1, the critical soil surface roughness was 0.706 cm for the resistance control of runoff and sediment yield. Under rainfall intensity of 1.50 mm min^?1, the critical soil surface roughness was 1.633 cm for the resistance control of runoff, while the critical soil surface roughness was 0.706 cm for the resistance control of sediment yield. These findings have important implications for clarifying the erosive nature of soil surface roughness and harnessing sloped farmland. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

瞬态滤波器设计及其在地方地震观测中的应用研究

目前地震数据采集器使用的最后两级数字滤波器相位有最小相位和线性相位两种。相位特性直接影响着记录的地震波形数据质量,最小相位滤波器的相位特性非线性严重,引起波形失真,线性相位滤波器带来“前缀波”。本文介绍了一种专用于地震波形采集的瞬态滤波器的设计及其观测分析研究。该瞬态滤波器既有最小相位特性,又有较好的线性相位特性,具有良好的瞬态响应波形。地方震实测数据表明,使用瞬态滤波器记录的地震波,没有"前缀"波出现,初动半周期也没有被展宽,波形失真最小。因为通带至过渡带转角平缓和过渡带滚降速率低是所有瞬态特性良好的滤波器的共同特征,故使用瞬态滤波必须付出的代价是提高采样率来确保通带上边沿频率保持不变。     

瞬态滤波器设计及其在地方地震观测中的应用研究

目前地震数据采集器使用的最后两级数字滤波器相位有最小相位和线性相位两种。相位特性直接影响着记录的地震波形数据质量,最小相位滤波器的相位特性非线性严重,引起波形失真,线性相位滤波器带来“前缀波”。本文介绍了一种专用于地震波形采集的瞬态滤波器的设计及其观测分析研究。该瞬态滤波器既有最小相位特性,又有较好的线性相位特性,具有良好的瞬态响应波形。地方震实测数据表明,使用瞬态滤波器记录的地震波,没有"前缀"波出现,初动半周期也没有被展宽,波形失真最小。因为通带至过渡带转角平缓和过渡带滚降速率低是所有瞬态特性良好的滤波器的共同特征,故使用瞬态滤波必须付出的代价是提高采样率来确保通带上边沿频率保持不变。     

基于最小二乘的岩石频谱参数反演初始值选取的讨论

频谱激电法作为地球物理勘探的有效手段,在寻找激电异常体以及探寻深部矿产方面有重大贡献,岩石频谱参数的确定是实现该方法的重要步骤。在利用最小二乘法对复电阻率、相位参数进行反演时,各频谱参数初始值选取不同对反演效果影响较大,选取不好甚至会发散。在各频谱参数所属范围内采用随机选取初始值的方法进行反演,对复电阻率幅值曲线以及相位曲线拟合效果较好,不易陷入局部极小值的特点,能克服了较为盲目选取初始值而对结果带来的不良影响。     

吉林通化地震台四分量钻孔应变在日本9.0级地震前后的变化特征

基于通化地震台四分量应变观测,通过K-L最佳直线拟合及傅立叶滑动去年周期对数据进行处理,进一步分析日本9.0级地震前后应变变化特征。结果表明,K-L最佳直线拟合和傅立叶滑动去年周期,可以较好地消除通化台应变观测中的长趋势变化项和年变成分,使应力应变的微动态变化更加显著地表现出来;通化台四分量应变在日本9.0级地震前的压性变化与同一构造带的另外两个台站分量应变观测的大幅压性变化一致;日本9.0级地震使通化台面应变出现持续约8个月左右的扩张变化,变化性质与由GPS计算得到的同震位移结果较为一致。     

2014年新疆于田M_S7.3强震构造背景及其与2008年M_S7.3地震之间的关系讨论

首先介绍了2014年2月12日新疆于田MS7.3地震的区域构造背景与断裂活动情况;然后分析了此次MS7.3地震震中位置以及周边历史地震震源机制特征,认为2014年2月12日于田MS7.3地震发生在阿什库勒断裂东支上,2014年MS7.3地震和2008年MS7.3地震是阿尔金断裂带南端尾部向西南方向延伸,由左旋走滑为主逐渐转变为拉张作用为主的过程中,在阿什库勒断裂带不同位置发生的2次地震,它们存在着相同的力源作用,2008年MS7.3地震对2014年MS7.3地震的发生有促进作用;最后利用分层地壳模型计算了2008年MS7.3地震对2014年MS7.3地震的库仑应力作用,结果同样显示2008年MS7.3地震促进了2014年MS7.3地震的发生。     

临潼-长安断裂带(FN )西段走向研究

临潼-长安断裂是渭河盆地内西安凹陷与骊山凸起的分界断裂,该断裂东北段位置和走向清楚,但西南段(神禾塬以西)的推测走向并无实证资料。在临潼-长安断裂西南方向延伸区域内,通过对3条总长近27km的人工地震勘探剖面解译,发现均存在北倾断裂异常,在其中1处异常布置的地质钻探剖面显示,上更新统和中更新统地层存在错断现象。这些勘探异常点被认为是临潼-长安断裂带中的最北侧断裂FN,其连线基本在1条线上,以大约SW240°的方向,延续了临潼-长安断裂带中段走向,继续向西南方向延伸。     

基于AHP的地震台站管理测评系统

为了科学评价地震台站的管理工作,全面提高其管理效益,利用层次分析（AHP）法,对地震台站各项工作进行综合考量,设计地震台站管理测评系统,并结合安徽省地震台站实例,验证该测评系统的适用性.     

Extreme learning machine for the displacement prediction of landslide under rainfall and reservoir level

Landslide prediction is always the emphasis of landslide research. Using global positioning system GPS technologies to monitor the superficial displacements of landslide is a very useful and direct method in landslide evolution analysis. In this paper, an EEMD–ELM model [ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) based extreme learning machine (ELM) ensemble learning paradigm] is proposed to analysis the monitoring data for landslide displacement prediction. The rainfall data and reservoir level fluctuation data are also integrated into the study. The rainfall series, reservoir level fluctuation series and landslide accumulative displacement series are all decomposed into the residual series and a limited number of intrinsic mode functions with different frequencies from high to low using EEMD technique. A novel neural network technique, ELM, is employed to study the interactions of these sub-series at different frequency affecting landslide occurrence. Each sub-series extracted from accumulative displacement of landslide is forecasted respectively by establishing appropriate ELM model. The final prediction result is obtained by summing up the calculated predictive displacement value of each sub. The EEMD–ELM model shows the best accuracy comparing with basic artificial neural network models through forecasting the displacement of Baishuihe landslide in the Three Gorges reservoir area of China.     

Phosphatic microspherules and their geobiological implications from the Frasnian-Famennian transition at the Yangdi section,Guilin, South China

Abundant perfectly-preserved phosphatic microspherules have been discovered across the Frasnian-Famennian(F-F)transition from the Yangdi section in Guilin,Guangxi,South China.They are mostly spherical or elliptical in shape and about 150μm in diameter with smooth exterior surfaces.Each microspherule consistently possesses a small dimple on the surface.The internal texture of microspherules consists of concentric light-colored apatite and dark-colored organic matter bands alternating around a central core.Conodonts have also been found preserved together with phosphatic microspherules in the same horizon,and the abundance of the former is obviously higher than that of the latter.Laser Raman spectral studies show close similarities in spectral patterns between the outer shells of phosphatic microspherules and the blade of the conodont genus Palmatolepis sp.,as well as between the microspherule nucleus and the platform of the same conodont genus.Furthermore,the statistical results and geochemical data demonstrate that the elevated abundance of phosphatic microspherules roughly coincides with the blooms of bacteria and algae,but is later than the sharp increase of oceanic nutrients.The phosphatic microspherules are interpreted here to be the‘otoliths’secreted by conodont animals based on the compositional similarities between phosphatic microspherules and conodonts and their interrelated abundances.In addition,an analogous study reveals morphological and textural similarities between fish otoliths and phosphatic microspherules.The formation of phosphatic microspherules is probably related to seawater eutrophication.We speculate that the explosive growth of bacteria and algae is probably caused by the enrichment of nutrients that is most likely associated with the increase of terrestrial inputs,submarine hydrothermal activities or the upwelling anoxic bottom waters in the late Devonian,which would stimulate the conodont animals to secrete phosphatic microspherules—the‘otoliths’of conodont animals.This study reveals the coupling relationship between organisms and environments from the perspective of phosphatic microspherules and provides new evidence for the cause of faunal crisis during the Late Devonian F-F transition.