中国年和季节极端降水时空特征 及极值分布函数上尾部性质

基于热带气旋时间、路径、强度数据和中国728个气象站点1951~2014年日降水数据,分析了年和季节极端降水广义极值（GEV）分布函数特征及受热带气旋的影响。通过检查年和各季节极端降水的非一致性,发现具有变异点或显著时间趋势的站点占总站点数的比例较低。仅考虑满足一致性的站点,年和各季节极端降水GEV分布上尾部在全国大部分区域表现出厚尾特征,且不具有上边界。总体来看北方厚尾特征重于南方,秋季和冬季明显高于年和夏季。年极端降水厚尾特征受到不同季节极端降水机制的混合影响。而且,热带气旋对中国沿海区域极端降水有重要影响,往往引发大量级极端降水。东南沿海地区最大10场极端降水由热带气旋引发的比例达到60%以上。因此热带气旋趋向于增加沿海区域年极端降水GEV分布形状参数的大小,并控制着曲线上尾部的形状。     

基于空间组合特征的农村居民点重构方向识别

基于湖北省大冶市陈贵镇2012年土地利用变更调查数据,运用核密度估计和空间热点探测法,分析镇域农村居民点空间分布特征,提出一种顾及居民点密度与规模组合特征的农村居民点重构方向识别方法。根据密度与规模的空间组合特征,将全镇农村居民点划分为7种类型,结合改进成本距离测算大规模居民点区有效覆盖范围,提出了城镇化集中型、中心村建设型、协同整治型和内部改造型4种重构模式,明确了规模与密度特征导向下的农村居民点的整治重心和重构方向。     

Records of bulk organic matter and plant pigments in sediment of the “red-tide zone” adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary

Cultural eutrophication caused by nutrient over-enrichment in coastal waters will lead to a cascading set of ecosystem changes and deleterious ecological consequences,such as harmful algal blooms(HABs) and hypoxia.During the past two decades since the late 1990s,recurrent large-scale HABs(red tides)and an extensive hypoxic zone have been reported in the coastal waters adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary.To retrieve the history of eutrophication and its associated ecosystem changes,a sediment core was collected from the "red-tide zone" adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary.The core was dated using the~(210)Pb radioisotope and examined for multiple proxies,including organic carbon(OC),total nitrogen(TN),stable isotopes of C and N,and plant pigments.An apparent up-core increase of OC content was observed after the 1970s,accompanied by a rapid increase of TN.The concurrent enrichment of δ~(13)C and increase of the C/N ratio suggested the accumulation of organic matter derived from marine primary production during this stage.The accumulation of OC after the 1970 s well reflected the significant increase of primary production in the red-tide zone and probably the intensification of hypoxia as well.Plant pigments,including chlorophyll a,p-carotene,and diatoxanthin,showed similar patterns of variation to OC throughout the core,which further confirmed the important contribution of microalgae,particularly diatoms,to the deposited organic matter.Based on the variant profiles of the pigments representative of different microalgal groups,the potential changes of the phytoplankton community since the 1970s were discussed.     

相山地区河元背深部钻探工程钻柱扭矩分析

钻探过程中钻柱向孔底传递荷载,承受着拉、压、弯、扭、振等复杂的应力,其中钻柱所承受的工作扭矩是决定其安全的重要参数之一,需要定量分析,但在实际工作中,钻柱扭矩的直接测量十分困难。本文通过建立适当的扭矩计算模型,结合相山地区河元背深部钻探工程CUSD2井测量的相关钻进参数进行扭矩计算,并与实际间接测量的扭矩进行拟合对比分析,在验证模型可靠性的基础上,进一步分析了孔径变化对钻柱扭矩的影响以及钻进过程中扭矩消耗的分布规律,并提出了钻柱扭矩控制的建议。     

Formation and geodynamic implication of the Early Yanshanian granites associated with W–Sn mineralization in the Nanling range,South China: an overview

ABSTRACT

The Nanling range (Nanling) is characterized by intense and widespread Mesozoic magmatism related large-scale W–Sn mineralization. A summary of geochemistry, geochronology, and petrogenesis for the W–Sn-bearing granites has been carried out in this study. A series of rock- and ore-forming ages in Nanling indicate that the W–Sn mineralization is closely related to the Early Yanshanian granitic magmatism both in temporal and spatial dimensions (165–150 Ma). Geochemical features show that both of the W- and Sn-bearing granites, which mainly belong to highly fractionated I-type granites with a few A-type granites, are characterized by high contents of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Na₂O, and K₂O; enrichment in Rb, Th, U, Zr, Hf, and REE; depletion in Sr, Ba, P, and Ti; and high ratios of A/CNK. Furthermore, the different Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions indicate that they are mainly originated from the partial melting of the Precambrian basement rocks of the Cathaysia Block at low oxygen fugacity, and the estimated temperatures for the tungsten-bearing and tin-bearing granites are ca. 700°C and ca. 800°C, respectively. The model of the mantle–crust interaction exhibits that different percentages of mantle-derived magma were likely involved in the generation of the tin-bearing granites and tungsten-bearing granites. In combination with previous studies, we propose that these granites in Nanling were emplaced in an extensional setting, as a response to the break-off and roll-back of the subducted Palaeo-Pacific Plate during 175–150 Ma.     

Geochemical and isotopic characteristics of fluids in the Niutuozhen geothermal field,North China

Niutuozhen geothermal field is located in the Jizhong graben, belonging to the northern part of Bohai Bay Basin in North China. Chemical and isotopic analyses were carried out on 14 samples of the geothermal fluids discharged from Neogene Minghuazhen (Nm), Guantao (Ng), and Jixianian Wumishan (Jxw) formations. The δ²H and δ¹⁸O in water, δ¹³C in CH₄, δ¹³C in CO₂, and ³He/⁴He ratio in the gases were analyzed in combination with chemical analyses on the fluids in the Niutuozhen geothermal field. The chemical and isotopic compositions indicate a meteoric origin of the thermal waters. The reservoir temperatures estimated by chemical geothermometry are in the range between 60 and 108 °C. The results show that the gases are made up mainly by N₂ (18.20–97.42 vol%), CH₄ (0.02–60.95 vol%), and CO₂ (0.17–25.14 vol%), with relatively high He composition (up to 0.52 vol%). The chemical and isotopic compositions of the gas samples suggest the meteoric origin of N₂, predominant crustal origins of CH₄, CO₂, and He. The mantle-derived He contributions are calculated to be from 5 to 8% based on a crust–mantle binary mixing model. The deep temperatures in the Jxw reservoir were evaluated based on gas isotope geothermometry to be in the range from 141 to 165 °C. The mantle-derived heat fraction in the surface heat flow is estimated to be in the range of 48–51% based on ³He/⁴He ratios.     

Climate,disasters, wars and the collapse of the Ming Dynasty

Based on the historical records of natural disasters and human wars of the final 35 years in the late Ming Dynasty (1610–1644 AD) obtained using different spatial scales, a set of grading systems were established to classify, grade and present these records and their spatiotemporal characteristics. From natural and human perspectives to quantitative analyses of the direct causes of the collapse of the Ming Dynasty, the author draws conclusion regarding a total of six immediate factors, which were, according to the rate of contribution from high to low, internal rebellions, drought, inter-ethnic conflicts, locust, flood and external wars. Among these causes, human factors accounted for approximately 47%, while natural factors accounted for approximately 53%. Attribution analysis indicated that the basin areas in east China were sensitive to climate change during the Ming Dynasty. Severe drought and locusts in a cooling environment were the main natural causes, while frequent internal rebellions and inter-ethnic conflicts influenced by financial crisis were the major human factors. Although natural factors accounted for a greater percentage than human factors in the rate of contribution to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty, they were the only external factors impacting social development and changes.     

华南陆缘粤南地区晚三叠世-早、中侏罗世古气候演化及其对华南构造体制转换的响应

华南早中生代构造体制转换对粤南地区古气候演化产生了深远影响,但对其内在联系的研究尚有不足.本文以粤南地区上三叠统—下、中侏罗统小坪组、金鸡组、桥源组为研究对象,采集各组泥岩样品进行了X-射线荧光光谱主量元素和ICP-MS微量、稀土元素测试,并开展了沉积特征和古生物特征综合分析.测试表明,小坪组凤岗段泥岩样品CIA（75.7~81.3）、Sr/Cu（0.83~21.3）、Rb/Sr（2.32~12.8）、Mg/Ca（0.57~2.50）和Sr/Ba（0.04~0.19）均指示该区晚三叠世早期为温湿气候,δCe（0.93~0.95）指示弱氧化环境,间接反映该时期为温湿气候;小坪组马安段泥岩样品CIA（77.5~82.2）、Sr/Cu（8.41~13.3）、Rb/Sr（2.08~5.83）、Mg/Ca（0.79~3.10）和Sr/Ba（0.06~0.26）指示该区晚三叠世晚期为干热气候,δCe（1.04~1.05）指示还原环境,间接反映该时期为干热气候;金鸡组、桥源组泥岩样品CIA（77.1~82.3）、Sr/Cu（1.51~4.38）、Rb/Sr（2.16~12.1）、Mg/Ca（0.84~2.94）和Sr/Ba（0.04~0.24）指示该区早侏罗世—早、中侏罗世以温湿气候为主,短暂出现干热气候,δCe（0.92~1.00）指示弱还原—弱氧化环境,间接反映该时期气候以温湿为主,短暂出现干热.将研究区与周缘地区古气候进行对比,晚三叠世—早、中侏罗世粤南及其围区古气候都经历了由温湿（晚三叠世早期）—干热（晚三叠世晚期）—温湿为主,短暂出现干热（早侏罗世—早、中侏罗世）的转变,这一具有相同演化趋势的古气候转变,正是对该时期华南经历了由特提斯构造域向古太平洋构造域转换的响应.      

镭同位素示踪盐湖地下水排放通量——以大柴旦盐湖为例

为了解大柴旦盐湖地下水排放通量,测试了深部热水、浅层地下水、河流水、盐湖表层水中镭同位素(223 Ra、224 Ra、226 Ra和228 Ra)的活度值.研究结果表明湖水中223 Ra、224 Ra、226 Ra和228 Ra的活度值,在盐度较低时随着盐度的增加而升高,当盐度大于168.99‰时,则随着盐度的增加而降低,这是由于在靠近河口区湖中镭同位素先发生解吸,蒸发后期湖中镭同位素发生了共沉淀的原因.223 Ra、224 Ra和228 Ra的活度值在深部地下热水比在自然露头热水中高;而226 Ra正好相反,自然露头地下热水中226 Ra具有明显的积累现象.丰水期深部地下热水、浅层地下水和河流三个端元对大柴旦湖中镭同位素贡献比例分别为0.01、0.31和0.68.水体平均停留时间是9.13 d.由深部地下热水排放到大柴旦的通量变化范围为1.17×103±2.02～1.31×103±10.17 m3/d,平均为1.24×103±12.20 m3/d,浅层地下水排放通量变化范围为1.58×106±4.92×103～2.61×106±2.71×104m3/d,平均为2.09×106±3.20×104m3/d.本研究将为盐湖中地下水排放示踪提供一种有效的方法.     

东昆仑浪麦滩地区A型花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

东昆仑造山带出露大面积的花岗岩,是研究岩浆活动的天然实验室,晚三叠世A型花岗岩为该区构造演化提供了新的约束.本文通过对东昆仑浪麦滩地区出露的正长花岗岩开展岩相学、锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素及地球化学研究,以期限定其形成时代,探讨岩石成因,并为区域构造岩浆演化提供依据.正长花岗岩由正长石、条纹长石、斜长石、石英和少量黑云母等矿物组成.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为231.5±1.7Ma,形成于晚三叠世.岩石地球化学具有高硅富铝特征,SiO2含量为72.36％～74.58％,Al2O3含量为12.76％～12.89％,相对富钾贫钠,K2O、Na2O含量分别为4.43％～4.96％、4.0％～4.25％,低MgO、TiO2,富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素,强烈亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,具有明显的负铕异常(δEu=0.040～0.08),表明为A型花岗岩.Mg#介于0.40～0.43之间,εHf(t)值介于+2.05～+7.53之间,二阶段Hf模式年龄TDM2为782～1132 Ma,指示源区有幔源岩浆物质的参与.综合分析表明,在后碰撞伸展背景下由于幔源岩浆底侵,新生地壳部分熔融并混入幔源物质,最终形成浪麦滩地区A型花岗岩.