国际沙尘暴研究计划进展显著

该项目已经获得世界气象组织（WMO）正式批准，由中国气象科学研究院张小曳研究员作为科学指导委员会联合主席负责牵头组织，执行期为10年。该项目执行2年以来已经在国际沙尘暴预报、预警和科学研究领域取得诸多进展。2006年10月31日至11月1日在上海召开了国际沙尘暴计划科学指导委员会第2次会议。来自中国、美国、德国、加拿大、韩国、西班牙、蒙古、埃及8个国家的20多位科学指导委员会委员以及会议特邀专家出席了会议。     

云对地基微波辐射计反演湿度廓线的影响

利用中国气象局大气探测试验基地的L波段探空数据和微波辐射计观测数据,采用MonoRTM辐射传输模型作为正演亮温模型,BP (back propagation) 神经网络作为反演工具,在由亮温反演大气湿度廓线的过程中,添加与样本匹配的云底高度和云厚度信息,建立新的反演模型,使新反演模型得到的反演湿度廓线和未添加云信息的反演湿度廓线分别与探空数据进行对比,获取两种反演方法各高度层的均方根误差,分析云信息对反演大气湿度廓线的影响。对比结果表明:未添加云信息时,测试样本的反演湿度廓线与探空廓线的相关系数平均值为0.685,而添加云信息后,相关系数平均值为0.805。相比未添加云信息的反演廓线,添加云信息之后多数高度层的均方根误差均有不同程度减小,而在有云以上高度层表现尤为明显。     

Approximations of the scattering phase functions of particles

Based on anomalous diffraction theory and the modified Rayleigh-Debye approximation, a physically realistic model in bridging form is described to approximate the scattering phase function of particles. When compared with the exact method, the bridging technique reported here provides a reasonable approximation to the Mie results over a broader range of angles and size parameters, and it demonstrates the advantage of being computationally economic. In addition, the new phase function model can be essentially extended to other shapes and conveniently used in more complicated scattering and emission problems related to the solutions of the radiative transfer equations.     

Aerosol Hygroscopicity during the Haze Red-Alert Period in December 2016 at a Rural Site of the North China Plain

A humidification system was deployed to measure aerosol hygroscopicity at a rural site of the North China Plain during the haze red-alert period 17–22 December 2016. The aerosol scattering coefficients under dry [relative humidity (RH) < 30%] and wet (RH in the range of 40%–85%) conditions were simultaneously measured at wavelengths of 450, 550, and 700 nm. It is found that the aerosol scattering coefficient and backscattering coefficient increased by only 29% and 10%, respectively when RH went up from 40% to 80%, while the hemispheric backscatter fraction went down by 14%, implying that the aerosol hygroscopicity represented by the aerosol scattering enhancement factor f(RH) is relatively low and RH exerted little effects on the aerosol light scattering in this case. The scattering enhancement factors do not show significant differences at the three wavelengths, only with an approximate 2% variation, suggesting that the aerosol hygroscopicity is independent of the wavelength. Aerosol hygroscopicity is highly dependent on the aerosol chemical composition. When there is a large mass fraction of inorganics and a small mass fraction of organic matter, f(RH) reaches a high value. The fraction of NO₃^– was strongly correlated with the aerosol scattering coefficient at RH = 80%, which suggests that NO₃^– played an important role in aerosol hygroscopic growth during the heavy pollution period.     

CE318型太阳光度计标定方法初探

初步探索了CE318型太阳光度计的室内和野外标定方法, 并对两种方法的标定结果进行对比。基于积分球辐射源的辐亮度标定方法, 对CE318型太阳光度计不同波段天空散射辐射通道进行标定实验; 分别采用Langley标定法和标准仪器相对标定方法, 对CE318型太阳光度计的不同波段太阳直接辐射通道进行了标定实验。实验结果显示:天空散射辐射通道的标定结果在670 nm, 870 nm和1020 nm波段与仪器出厂时给定的标定结果偏差不超过6%, 而440 nm波段处得到的标定结果要高于出厂时给定的结果, 偏离幅度约18.9%。太阳直接辐射各通道的标定结果普遍大于出厂时给定的结果, 说明滤光片老化较为严重, 需要进行更换, 以保证观测精度。由于标准仪器相对标定方法对太阳直接辐射通道的标定结果明显优于Langley法, 因此利用标准仪器相对标定方法对中国气象局太阳光度计站网仪器进行定期标定更能够保证仪器观测数据的准确性。     

Integrating the ecosystem service in sustainable plateau spatial planning: A case study of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin

The Yarlung Zangbo River Basin(YZRB) is a key ecological protection area on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau(QTP). Determination of the ecosystem service values(ESVs) can help recognize the benefits of sustainable management. It is gradually becoming the main path that constructs plateau spatial planning of integrating ecological protection, and achieves global sustainable development goals(SDGs) in China. In this paper, the spatio-temporal dynamic evolutions of the ESVs were estimated on the multiple scales of "basin, subbasin and watershed" from 1980 to 2015. The main factors influencing ESVs were explored in terms of physical geography, human activities, and climate change. It had been proposed that sustainable spatial planning including ecological protection, basin management, and regional development was urgent to set up. Our results show that the increase in wetland and forest and results in an increase of 9.4% in the ESVs. Attention should be paid to the reduction of water and grassland. Water conservation(WC), waste treatment(WT), and soil formation and conservation(SFC) are the most important ecosystem services in the YZRB. At present, the primary problem is to solve the ESVs decreasing caused by glacier melting, grassland degradation, and desertification in the upper reaches region. The middle reaches should raise the level of supply services. Regulation services should be increased in the lower reaches region on the premise of protecting vegetation. The ESVs in adjacent watersheds are interrelated and the phenomenon of "high agglomeration and low agglomeration" is obvious, existing hot-spots and cold-spots of ESVs. Additionally, when the altitude is 4500-5500 m, the temperature is 3-8°C, and the annual precipitation is 350-650 mm, ESVs could reach its maximum. A framework of sustainable plateau spatial planning could provide references to delimit the ecological protection red line, key ecological function zone, and natural resource asset accounting on the QTP.     

中国地震科学实验场:认识与实践

中国地震科学实验场提出的国家重大科技基础设施建议被列入《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》,不仅是实验场的一件大事,也是中国地震科技的一件大事.这一重大进展,是中国地震科学界近半个世纪的思考与尝试的结果.     

雾中航行

本文主要介绍我国南海海区雾的生消特点,航海工作者在南海海区雾航的经验体会,如何保证雾中航行的安全,如何正确理解国际海上避碰规则中几个关键的问题。     

首都圈区域应变场研究

采用分块均匀弹性介质模型对１９６６～１９７８年首都圈三角—测边网复测资料进行了分析计算，发现在两个区域有应变积累：其一为南口—孙河断层以北，南口山前断层以东，黄庄—高丽营断层以西；另一区域为南口山前断层以西。短边测距网复测资料计算结果表明，京西区１９８７年之前主应力方向为北东７２°，此后应变不断加强，主应力方向发生扰动。由区域地应变场和断层活动性两种途径分析得到的首都圈现今应力状况是一致的，两种途径得到的应力加强的地段也大体相同。对近年应力集中地段的地震危险性应予以重视。     

张北—尚义地震的短临预测回顾与反思

１９９８年１月１０日张北－尚义ＭＳ６．２地震前,正式提出过较为准确的短临预测意见,但没能实现短临预报。该文回顾了地震预测的过程,总结了时间预测与地点判定的新的科学经验。为了使首都圈地区未来的地震短临预报工作取得成效,提出了调整科学思路,建立预报工作规范化与改进十大关系的建议。