盆地动力学研究综述及展望

沉积盆地是地球系统的浅层组成部分,是壳-幔、岩石圈-软流圈两级圈层相互作用的浅部表现形式。沉积盆地分析不仅可以揭示不同类型化石能源、沉积型层控矿产、砂岩型铀矿等资源的分布规律,为矿产勘探提供直接依据,而且可以为大地构造演化过程、重大构造事件、全球环境变迁及气候演变提供丰富资料和详细证据。当代盆地分析不断从单一沉积学分析拓展到综合分析,从静态要素分析拓展到过程和动力机制分析。盆地动力学研究内容包括3部分,即以沉积学分析为主的盆地充填动力学、以构造地质学分析为主的盆地形成演化动力学和多学科交叉的盆地流体动力学研究。近10多年来,盆地动力学研究在深水沉积学、高精度层序地层学、源-汇系统、源区剥蚀过程及其深部响应、大陆边缘盆地动力学及盆地流体动力学等方面取得了长足的进展。     

Molar‐Tooth Structure from the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation in Lingyuan,Yanshan Region,North China,and Geological Implications

Although its origin has not yet reached a consensus so far, MTS (Molar-Tooth Structure) has been documented for more than 100 years. Current study reports a discovery of MTS from the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation, Lingyuan, Yanshan Region, North China, and the features and geological implications of MTS are further discussed. Here, straitigraphic horizons of MTS’s occurrences show that it was mainly located within the top part of the Wumishan Formation, i.e., limestone unit. Four kinds of morphology of MTS, i.e., fine fusiform, debris, ribbon, ptigmatic and nodular (irregular), were recognized and thought to be highly related to the sedimentary environments and facies. Geochemistry of MTS including oxides, trace elements and C, O and Sr isotopes indicates that the horizons of MTS-bearing is of higher Sr/Ba and Ca/Mg ratios, lower positive δ13C and highly negative δ18O values than the adjacent stratigraphic levels of rare MTS. Lithology, morphology and geochemistry of MTS in the Wumishan Formation suggest that MTS occurs mainly in shallow subtidal near the storm wave base, which is typically characterized by warm temperature, oversaturated calcium carbonate seawater and high organic productivity. Furthermore, occasional enrichment of algae bacteria here is more favorable for the calcification of calcium oozes and catalytic for MTS. C isotope composition of the Wumishan Formation and MTS of this study is well correlated with that of the Mesoproterozoic Belt Supergroup, North America and Riphean, Siberia, suggesting that MTS acts as a sedimentary record responding to global changes and is a perfect indicator in Precambrian stratigraphic correlation worldwide.     

大青沟铜铅锌多金属矿地质特征及找矿标志

大青沟铜铅锌多金属矿区位于吉南鸭绿江多金属成矿带上,矿化类型主要为矽卡岩型。通过对该区成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征的研究,提出找矿标志,为以后的找矿工作提供方向。     

蜀南地区二叠系茅口组古岩溶地区水系分布及岩溶地貌单元特征*

蜀南地区茅口组为一套沉积稳定的巨厚层生物碎屑灰岩,基质致密性脆。中二叠世末的东吴运动使蜀南地区茅口组顶部发育古风化壳岩溶,古岩溶地区水系控制着古岩溶的发育和演化。在研究古地貌恢复方法的基础上,分析研究区地层特征和区域构造背景,采用印模法进行古地貌恢复,进而研究了古岩溶地区的水系发育特征。在此基础上,结合风化壳表面侵蚀溶蚀特征、沉积物性质、地貌组合形态、钻井和地震资料,把研究区划分为岩溶台地、岩溶陡坡、岩溶缓坡及岩溶盆地4种二级地貌单元和溶丘洼地、岩溶槽谷、峰林平原等10种三级地貌单元,进一步分析了各种地貌单元的岩溶特征,为下一步的储集层预测提供了有利的目标。     

渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷孔南地区古近系孔店组二段物源分析*

根据重力异常资料、地震资料,综合运用重矿物法、碎屑岩类分析法并结合砂体展布特征,基本明确了黄骅坳陷孔南地区孔店组二段的物源区位置及来源方向。区域布格重力异常场从宏观上勾绘出了孔南地区地势的起伏状况,对物源分析具有重要参考意义。在研究区湖盆周缘都发育砂体,在各物源口的砂体展布规律在平面上表现为呈扇形展布的特征,宏观上指示了物源的涉及范围。盆外下切沟槽能大致确定研究区周缘各物源口位置,前积反射结构也能指示出存在物源供给的地区。重矿物以锆石、电气石、金红石、石榴石、磁铁矿为主,不同的物源区具有不同的重矿组合特征,其变化规律指示了碎屑物质的搬运方向和搬运途径。碎屑岩组分以长石为主,其次为石英,岩屑含量较低,主要为岩浆岩岩屑,岩屑类型指示了物源区母岩类型主要为岩浆岩。该区孔店组二段沉积时期在东南、西南、西北、东北4个方向上都存在物源,进一步可识别出乌马营、叶三拔、舍女寺等10个子物源,它们共同控制了孔南地区孔店组二段沉积时期砂体的形成和分布,形成多物源环湖盆分布的特征。     

西藏冈底斯北缘尼玛地区帮勒村一带寒武纪火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地球化学特征

青藏高原南部中国境内是否存在寒武纪地层一直是地质界关注的焦点。研究表明,冈底斯北缘西藏尼玛县控错南帮勒村一带,原划的前震旦纪念青唐古拉岩群为一套浅变质的拉斑系列双峰式火山岩。通过高精度LA-ICP-MS(激光剥蚀等离子体质谱)锆石微区原位U-Pb同位素测年,获得其中变流纹岩206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为(536.4±3.6)Ma,确定该套火山岩形成于早寒武世。地球化学分析表明,变玄武岩富集LREE、LILE、部分HFSE,Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等亏损,Zr/Nb比值(2.53~3.61)低;变流纹岩明显富集LREE、LILE、Th、HFSE,具有Eu负异常和Sr、Nb、Ta、Ti负异常。同时,变玄武岩的εNd(t)为负值(-2.80~-4.56),源区为富集地幔端元EMⅡ,反映其源区为岩石圈和软流圈相互作用的产物,并遭受了地壳物质的混染。综合分析认为该套火山岩形成于陆缘裂谷环境,为冈底斯北缘存在寒武纪裂解作用提供了佐证。     

Simulation and improvement of common land model on the bare soil of Loess Plateau underlying surface

Climate model has become an irreplaceable tool for the study and prediction of climate changes. The land surface process, as one of the important parts of all climate models, must be considered so that the simulative ability of climate models could be improved. Using the common land model (CoLM) that is driven by the LOPEX experiment data, the characteristics of land surface processes of the Loess Plateau are simulated. Furthermore, based on the comparison of the field observation data with the simulated results, the simulative performance of CoLM in the Loess Plateau region is also examined. The results show that, CoLM can be used in the Loess Plateau, and it perfectly simulates net radiations and net short-wave radiations. However, the simulated land-surface temperature is slightly higher than actual measured value, while the simulated soil temperature values in lower layers (5, 10, 20, 40 cm) are relatively less and the variety phase of these also lag. Moreover, the simulated sensible heat flux is a little larger, while the simulated soil thermal conductivity value is obviously lower. By modifying the calculation plan of soil thermal conductivity, the simulated result has been greatly improved. As a whole, if CoLM is applied in the Loess Plateau of Northwestern China, the parameterization of soil thermal conductivity should be ameliorated, which can improve its simulative capacity in the Loess Plateau regions.     

基于IRCGA优化的GM(1,1)变形预测方法与应用研究

阐述了引入时间距离权的传统GM(1,1)模型的建模过程以及灰色模型等级的判断方法,深入分析了白化背景参数λ取值对建模精度的影响;同时针对传统λ取值的缺陷,提出使用基于实数编码的改进遗传算法(IRCGA)对其进行优化处理,并用多个工程实例分析验证了优化后的GM(1,1)模型相对传统的灰色模型及其优化模型拟合效果更好,更加贴近真实数据序列。     

微生物地质工程技术及其应用

微生物地质工程技术是将微生物参与的生化过程加以控制和利用,来解决工程地质问题的一类新型岩土体水—力学特性改性技术。研究表明该技术具有低成本、环境友好、低能耗和过程可控的优点,是工程地质界近些年的一个热门研究内容,也是现代工程地质学科的重要发展方向。文章基于当前该技术取得的研究进展,系统总结了能被加以控制和高效利用的三种代表性微生物地质工程技术（微生物成矿作用、微生物膜作用及微生物产气作用）的原理及其应用领域。着重对研究最多、应用前景最广的微生物成矿作用改性岩土体力学特性、渗透特性、抗侵蚀性等工程性质及机理进行了阐述,并深入探讨了影响微生物成矿作用改性效果的关键因素（细菌种类、菌液浓度、环境温度、pH值、胶结液、土体性质及灌浆工艺）。此外,文章还详细论述了微生物成矿作用在地基处理、岛礁建设、防风固沙、水土保持、抗裂防渗、文物保护、地灾防治等领域的应用现状,并探讨了该技术当前面临的主要挑战及未来的重点研究方向。     

莱州湾凹陷垦利油田沙河街组储层渗透率评价模型研究

文章以莱州湾凹陷垦利油田沙河街组储层为例,对传统的回归统计模型和基于BP神经网络的人工智能预测模型评价储层渗透率方法和效果进行了对比研究。目标储量报告里定火沙三段中孔、中渗;岩性（粒度）和孔隙度是储层渗透率的主要影响因素。根据岩心及测井数据,建立了孔隙度——粒度二元回归渗透率统计评价模型和BP神经网络渗透率预测模型。通过检验样本集精度对比,分析了隐含层数、隐含层节点数等网络结构参数变化对模型预测结果的影响,重点分析了不同的测井参数输入对BP神经网络模型预测结果的影响。优化后的BP神经网络模型对检验样本集的渗透率预测结果精度最高,其平均相对误差为37%,比传统的二元回归统计模型精度提高了26%。对目标油田三口井连续处理,BP神经网络模型渗透率预测结果更加合理,可以满足开发层段产能分析等生产需求。