南海南部上层的湍流混合特征

A turbulent microstructure experiment was undertaken at a low latitude of 10°N in the South China Sea in late August 2012. The characteristics of the eddy diffusivity above 650 m were analyzed, which is one order of magnitude larger than that in the open ocean at that low latitude. Enhanced eddy diffusivities by strong shears and sharp changes in topography were observed. The strongest eddy diffusivity occurred in the mixed layer, and it reached O(10–2 m2/s). Strong stratification in the thermocline inhibited the penetration of surface eddy diffusivities through the thermocline, where the mixing was weakest. Below the thermocline, where the background eddy diffusivity was approximately O(10–6 m2/s), the eddy diffusivity increased with depth, and its largest value was O(10–3 m2/s).     

中尺度云团三维流场演变的个例研究

本文研究了我国1980年6月一次中尺度云团活动过程中,由强盛期至消散期的三维相对气流温度,湿度和500hPa高度场的演变。结果表明,这些场随时间的变化是显著的。      

Modified parameterization for near-inertial waves

The near-inertial waves (NIWs) are important for energy cascade in the ocean. They are usually significantly reinforced by strong winds, such as typhoon. Due to relatively coarse resolutions in contemporary climate models, NIWs and associated ocean mixing need to be parameterized. In this study, a parameterization for NIWs proposed by Jochum in 2013 (J13 scheme), which has been widely used, is compared with the observations in the South China Sea, and the observations are treated as model outputs. Under normal conditions, the J13 scheme performs well. However, there are noticeable discrepancies between the J13 scheme and observations during typhoon. During Typhoon Kalmaegi in 2014, the inferred value of the boundary layer is deeper in the J13 scheme due to the weak near-inertial velocity shear in the vertical. After typhoon, the spreading of NIWs beneath the upper boundary layer is much faster than the theoretical prediction of inertial gravity waves, and this fast process is not rendered well by the J13 scheme. In addition, below the boundary layer, NIWs and associated diapycnal mixing last longer than the direct impacts of typhoon on the sea surface. Since the energy dissipation and diapycnal mixing below the boundary layer are bounded to the surface winds in the J13 scheme, the prolonged influences of typhoon via NIWs in the ocean interior are missing in this scheme. Based on current examination, modifications to the J13 scheme are proposed, and the modified version can reduce the discrepancies in the temporal and vertical structures of diapycnal mixing.     

两种摩擦本构关系的对比研究

目前有两种最常用的岩石摩擦本构关系,其主要区别在于是否与静接触时间有关。对这两种本构关系的基本性质进行了对比研究,得出如下结论：（１）在匀速滑动的稳态附近,两种本构关系趋向一致;（２）在正应力恒定条件下,两种本构关系的主要差异在于克服摩擦力所需能量的大小。与静接触时间相关的本构关系在粘滑中需消耗较大的能量来克服摩擦阻力,在粘滑的减速段,这种本构关系可达到的最低速率比另一种本构关系低１０个数量级;（３）在正应力变化条件下,与静接触时间相关的本构关系基本继承了正应力恒定条件下的行为特征,而另一种本构关系在剪应力－速度相平面上却出现了一个长尾巴,使最低滑动速率降到比正应力恒定时的值低１０多个数量级     

Numerical Simulation of Earthquake Nucleation Process and Seismic Precursors on Faults

To understand precursory phenomena before seismic fault sliP,this work focuses onearthquake nucleation process on a fault plane through numerical simulation.Rate and statedependent friction law with variable normal stress is employed in the analysis.The resultsshow that in the late stage of nucleation process:(1)The maximum slip velocity ismonotonically accelerating;(2)The slipping hot spot(where the slip rate is maximum)migrates spontaneously from a certain instant,and such migration is spatially continuous;(3)When the maximum velocity reaches a detectable order of magnitude(at least one orderof magnitude greater than the loading rate),the remaining time is 20 hours or longer,andthe temporal variation of slip velocity beyond this point may be used as a precursoryindicator;(4)The average slip velocity is related to the remaining time by a log-log linearrelation,which means that a similar relation between rate of microseismicity and remainingtime may also exist;(5)when normal stress variation is taken int     

GPS连续站监测天津市地面沉降的初步结果

本文简述了天津市12个GPS连续站高程方向的高精度数据处理方法,得到了一年多的高程时间序列图,反映了年度内地面沉降的动态信息,得到的地面沉降趋势与水准监测结果一致.最后的分析认为在一定条件下GPS连续观测站比水准监测的精度高,可以结合动态水准网平差来确定天津市的地面沉降.     

汶川地震基岩同震断层泥结构特征

汶川Ms8.0地震形成的地表破裂带主要沿松散沉积层分布,但在北川-映秀地表破裂带中,发现5处同震地表破裂带穿过基岩.通过详细介绍其中的4处基岩同震断层剖面,给出基岩同震断层泥的特点和识别标志.断层剖面位置从北向南:平武平溪、北川擂鼓、安县肖家桥和虹口八角庙.同震断层主要出露在相对较软的基岩中,断层长期活动形成了分带性特征显著的断层变形带,主要包括构造角砾岩、断层角砾、老断层泥和最新断层泥.其中,同震滑动产生的最新断层泥最为松软,厚度最薄,颜色最深,内部几乎不含角砾并与其他部分接触边界清晰平直.基岩同震断层泥的结构特征与断层围岩性质密切相关,当同震断层上下盘围岩由多种岩石组成,而且上下盘围岩强度差别较大时,断层变形带结构相对复杂,发育有厚层断层泥,局部存在多个滑动面;当上下盘围岩岩石组成相对单一时,断层变形带结构相对简单,断层泥厚度较薄.在野外断层变形带结构划分基础上,对部分断层剖面中的同震断层泥和断层岩进行了初步的显微结构分析,给出断层蠕滑和粘滑的显微结构特征,对同震断层泥中的流体活动方式进行了讨论.     

土壤水分监测与模拟研究进展

土壤水分是土地持续利用、水资源规划与管理、节水农业技术研究的基础,土壤水分的监测与模拟已经成为国际前沿研究领域的热点之一。本文总结了国内外在土壤水分监测、空间变异和预测模拟等方面的研究进展,分析了土壤水分研究的现状,并对发展趋势进行了展望。目前,“3S”技术在土壤水分监测中发挥着重要作用,世界上一些发达国家已实现土壤水分监测的实时化、网络化,以及数据处理的自动化和智能化,而国内同类工作相对滞后;地统计学理论已被广泛用于分析土壤水分空间变异性,但多局限于相对小的空间尺度,对大尺度土壤水分空间格局及其变异性研究还有待深入;已有模拟模型各有长处与不足,以“3S”技术和地统计学方法为手段,应用非参数化方法建立综合性的土壤水分预测模型将是土壤水分模拟发展的主要趋势。     

新疆塔什库尔干地区铁矿成矿地质条件

塔什库尔干地区是新疆重要的沉积变质型铁矿矿集区.文章在对区内典型铁矿床及矿床地质特征综合分析的基础上研究了其成矿地质条件,认为古元古代火山沉积盆地内的海底火山作用为铁矿成矿提供了物质来源;后期岩浆侵入活动与磁铁矿层接触部位出现夕卡岩化使矿体进一步富集;褶皱作用使矿体产生局部增厚、减薄或尖灭;成矿后的断裂造成矿体沿走向的不连续.区内航磁异常的ΔT值大于200 nT,并有一定的延长,均与已发现的磁铁矿床相对应;地面磁异常500 nT以上的峰值带均为磁铁矿化引起的异常.Fe元素地球化学异常与古元古界布伦阔勒岩群完全吻合,布伦阔勒岩群是寻找沉积变质型磁铁矿床的主要层位.     

四川盆地东部海相下组合油气勘探领域与有利勘探方向

四川盆地是一个大型叠合含油气盆地,经历了多期伸展-聚敛旋回,资源潜力巨大。近年来,盆地中部下组合天然气勘探在震旦系灯影组和下寒武统龙王庙组获得重大突破,但盆地东部尚未获得实质性进展,有利勘探方向尚待明确。以构造-沉积演化分析为基础,将盆地东部及邻区海相下组合划分为伸展分异台地(震旦纪至早寒武世沧浪铺期)、稳定统一台地(早寒武世龙王庙期至中奥陶世宝塔期)和挤压前陆坳陷(晚奥陶世至志留纪)三个演化阶段;根据油气成藏要素和运聚特征,划分出寒武系盐下碳酸盐岩、寒武系盐上碳酸盐岩和志留系致密碎屑岩等三个油气勘探领域,不同勘探领域制约油气成藏和富集的关键因素差异较大;指出了川东南震旦系灯影组四段台缘带、川东寒武系洗象池群碳酸盐岩浅滩和志留系小河坝组大型三角洲砂体等,为盆地东部海相下组合的有利勘探方向,同时明确了重点突破地区。