日本福岛第一核电站核泄漏后放射性物质运动轨迹

日本北部近海于2011年3月11日发生里氏9.0级地震,导致福岛第一核电站发生一连串事故并引发了核泄漏。日前此次核事故级别由事发后定的5级提至7级(核事故最高级别),核泄漏后放射性物质的扩散与迁移是目前关于核事故研究的热点之一。利用HYSPLIT模型模拟核爆炸后空气中放射性物质的运动轨迹发现核大气颗粒物主要运移方向为东和东北方向,进入太平洋上空,甚至美国境内,亦有朝南转西南运移的轨迹与趋势,使得放射性物质进入中国上空。根据历史气象资料对接下来的5—8月份大气颗粒物的运动轨迹进行预测,分析结果显示放射性物质随后可能往北,东北和西部运移,由于风向,降雨和洋流等的影响,将会继续影响中国,运移到中国的携带放射性物质的大气颗粒物主要来自高空。     

地球化学平衡的理论和计算

本文系统地回顾了多相组分化学平衡的理论基础和计算方法，重点分析了当今流行的平衡常数法和自由能量小法的异同，证明了这些方法在原则上的同一性同时也证明了反应平衡常数和物种自由能之间的可互换怀，并指出了互换的方法。     

岩石弹性模量对钻孔体应变仪M2波视潮汐因子影响分析

首先,应用 Venedikow 调和分析方法计算体应变仪观测记录的M2波视潮汐因子;然后,对体应变仪井下传感器观测层岩芯进行单轴压缩试验,根据应力-应变曲线求取岩芯试样的力学参数。对比研究试样的单轴抗压强度和弹性模量与M2波视潮汐因子的关系,结果表明,弹性模量E对M2波视潮汐因子有明显的影响,随着M2波视潮汐因子的增大,岩石弹性模量呈线性函数降低,二者具有很好的相关性。钻孔岩芯力学性质的差异性是造成体应变仪之间M2波视潮汐因子差异较大的主要因素。     

2015年12月29日北极地面爆发性增温的成因分析

利用2015年NCEP/NCAR再分析一日四时次资料和日资料,应用区域平均、热流量方程估算等方法对2015年12月29日北极爆发性增温的原因进行研究。结果表明,2015年12月29日北极出现爆发性增温,日增温幅度最高达到25℃以上。增温期间,受到强盛温带气旋系统和反气旋系统的共同作用,增温区域出现强盛的南风,风速最大值达到20 m s-1以上,位置不断北进达到北极点。强盛的南风为北极地区带来强盛的暖平流,同时暖湿空气进入北极后,增温区上空云量明显增加。12月28日至12月29日温度平流由冷平流转变为暖平流,暖平流的中心区域与温度爆发性增长的区域有很好的对应关系,暖平流是北极爆发性增温的重要原因。对于一直处于极夜的北极地区,由于云量的增加,大气顶向上长波辐射减少,加剧了温度的上升。温度平流增温贡献率为20.4%,垂直项的贡献率为－9.9%,非绝热作用贡献率为89.5%,温度平流和非绝热作用共同导致了本次北极地区的爆发性增温,非绝热作用是本次爆发性增温最重要的增温因素。     

The relationship between precipitation heterogeneity and meteorological drought/flood in China

In this study, we investigated the spatial and temporal characteristics of precipitation heterogeneity and meteorological drought/flood in China based on the precipitation-concentration degree (PCD) and the integrated meteorological drought index. We also studied the corresponding relationship between precipitation heterogeneity and meteorological drought/flood in China by using Spearman correlation analysis and canonical correlation analysis. The results show that: (1) The severity of meteorological drought/flood exhibited a spatial pattern of gradual change from Northwest to Southeast China. (2) With a higher PCD and a delayed precipitation-concentration period (PCP), the drought severity was higher but the flood severity was lower. In contrast, with a lower PCD and an early PCP, the drought severity was lower and the flood severity was higher. (3) The correlation between meteorological drought/flood and PCD was significant. The higher the PCD, the longer the duration of drought and more frequently, the droughts occurred, and vice versa. It is concluded that PCD and PCP were significantly correlated with meteorological drought/flood in China.     

浅析区域自动气象站的管理及维护

自动气象站是无人操作的,能够定时对周围气象要素进行观察、记录,并且能够向控制中心发送观测数据和预测结果的地面气象观测站,在天气监测和气象服务工作中有着至关重要的作用,该文通过对贵州省江口县64个区域自动站运行状况中存在的问题进行分析,提出了对区域站管理和维护方法的建议与思考,以便更好地保障区域自动站的稳定、可靠运行,从而更好地利用区域自动站资料。     

基于Android平台的两种重力垂直梯度解算方法研究

重力垂直梯度测量在地球物理勘探中发挥着重要作用。通过测量实验,快速准确计算出重力垂直梯度值尤为重要。目前测定重力垂直梯度的方法有两种:传统测定法、同步观测法。针对重力垂直梯度测量进行需求分析,采用这两种重力垂直梯度解算原理,设计开发一款基于Android平台重力垂直梯度解算软件,其具有采集数据记录、数据处理、限差检验、精度评定和数据查询功能。最后,通过实地重力垂直梯度测量试验,对该软件进行运行性能和结果可靠性验证,并对比两种解算方法的精度。试验证明,该软件的两种解算方法都能够满足重力垂直梯度测量精度要求。     

Development characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning with multiple grounding points

Using the optical images of a cloud-to-ground lightning flash with multiple grounding points obtained by a highspeed video system in the Qinghai Province of China along with synchronous radiated electric field information, the propagation characteristic and the electric field change features of the leaders and the grounding behavior of discharge channels are analyzed.In addition, the two-dimensional velocity of the leader was estimated and its correlation with the time interval of the corresponding subsequent return stroke, and that with the peak current of return stroke are investigated. The results show that the average distance between the three obvious grounded points of the first return stroke channel is about 512.7 m, and the average time interval between the pulses of the corresponding electric field fast changes is 3.8 μs. Further, the average time interval between electric field pulses from the stepped leader is smaller than that of normal single grounding lightning. The observed lightning in our study has two main channels, namely the left and right channels. Based on our observations, it is clear that the dart leader comes close to the ground in case of the left channel after the first return stroke, but it fails to form a return stroke.However, the right channel exhibits a relatively rare phenomenon in that the subsequent return stroke R2 occurred about 2.1 ms after the dart leader arrived at the ground, which was unusually long; this phenomenon might be attributed to the strong discharge of the first return stroke and insufficient charge accumulation near the grounded point in a timely manner. The two-dimensional velocities for the stepped leader of the two main channels are about 1.23×105 and 1.16×105 m s-1, respectively. A sub-branch of stepped leader for the left channel fails to reach the ground and develops into an attempt leader eventually; this might be attributed to the fact that the main branch connects considerably many sub-branches, which leads to the instantaneous decline of the potential difference between the sub-branch and ground. Furthermore, it might also be because the propagation direction of this sub-branch is almost perpendicular to the atmospheric electric field direction, which is not conducive to charge transfer. The two-dimensional velocities for the dart leaders of five subsequent return strokes are all in the normal range, and they positively correlate with the peak current of the subsequent return stroke.