Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Sediment Organic Carbon Mineralization Under Different Water Conditions in Coastal Wetland of a Subtropical Estuary

The changes in soil organic carbon(C) mineralization as affected by anthropogenic disturbance directly determine the role of soils as C source or sink in the global C budget. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of anthropogenic disturbance(aquaculture pond, pollutant discharge and agricultural activity) on soil organic C mineralization under different water conditions in the Minjiang River estuary wetland, Southeast China. The results showed that the organic C mineralization in the wetland soils was significantly affected by human disturbance and water conditions(P 0.001), and the interaction between human disturbance activities and water conditions was also significant(P 0.01). The C mineralization rate and the cumulative mineralized carbon dioxide-carbon(CO_2-C)(at the 49th day) ranked from highest to lowest as follows: Phragmites australis wetland soil aquaculture pond sediment soil near the discharge outlet rice paddy soil. This indicated that human disturbance inhibited the mineralization of C in soils of the Minjiang River estuary wetland, and the inhibition increased with the intensity of human disturbance. The data for cumulative mineralized CO_2-C showed a good fit(R~2 0.91) to the first-order kinetic model C_t = C_0(1 – exp(–kt)). The kinetic parameters C_0, k and C_0 k were significantly affected by human disturbance and water conditions. In addition, the total amount of mineralized C(in 49 d) was positively related to C_0, C_0 k and electrical conductivity of soils. These findings indicated that anthropogenic disturbance suppressed the organic C mineralization potential in subtropical coastal wetland soils, and changes of water pattern as affected by human activities in the future would have a strong influence on C cycling in the subtropical estuarine wetlands.     

顾及多分析尺度的地形部位面向对象分类方法

地形部位是地表形态的基本单元,其分类和提取在地貌发育、数字土壤制图、景观生态制图等领域有着重要的应用。康鑫等提出的多尺度Geomorphons地形部位分类法（简称多尺度Geomorphons法）利用高程相对差异信息和地形部位多尺度特征,可避免受地形属性计算及单一分析尺度约束而误分类,然而其存在分类破碎及分析尺度域难以确定的问题。基于此,本文以多尺度Geomorphons法为基础,提出了其适宜分析尺度域确定方法,建立了以初始地形部位数据层组合的对象多尺度分割和分类方法,进而构建了顾及多分析尺度的地形部位面向对象分类方法。以陕北黄土高原区域5 m分辨率DEM为实验数据,对面向对象分类方法进行了验证与评价。实验结果表明：①均值变点法可有效解决分析尺度域难以确定的问题,实验样区适宜分析尺度域为[5×5, 33×33]栅格单元;②以0,255为二值化的地形部位数据层组合适用于多尺度分割,尺度、形状及紧致度参数组合影响分割结果,且对于实验样区存在最优分割参数;③与多尺度Geomorphons法相比,本文方法得到的地形部位分类结果完整性较好,在地表形态对应和地理认知等方面更具合理性。     

折射/谐衍射红外双波段成像光谱仪系统研究

为了获取足够的目标信息,充分利用中波红外和长波红外的光谱信息,建立了谐衍射中、长波红外超光谱成像系统.利用谐衍射元件独特的色散特性,将谐衍射透镜应用于中、长波红外超光谱成像系统中,使系统在中波红外3.7—4.8 μm和长波红外8—12 μm的2个红外大气窗口内获取数百个光谱图像.设计结果表明,中波红外波段,在18对线/mm处光学系统的调制传递函数(MTF)大于0.55;长波红外波段,在13对线/mm处光学系统的MTF大于0.5;光学系统的衍射环绕能,在中波红外波段30 μm半径范围内大于85%,在长波红外     

Implicit time integration for pseudodynamic tests

The use of unconditionally stable implicit time integration techniques for pseudodynamic tests has been recently proposed and advanced by several researchers. Inspired by such developments, a pseudodynamic test scheme based on an unconditionally stable implicit time integration algorithm and dual displacement control is presented in this paper. The accuracy of the proposed scheme is proved with error-propagation analysis. It is shown by numerical examples and verification tests that the error-correction method incorporated can eliminate the spurious higher-mode response, which can often be excited by experimental errors. The practicality of the proposed scheme lies in the fact that the implementation is as easy as that of explicit schemes and that the convergence criteria required are compatible with the accuracy limits of ordinary test apparatus.     

神经网络方法在地震预报研究中的初步应用

本文把神经网络方法引进地震预报研究当中。使用地震频次，最大震级，平均震级，等价地震次数等多项地震活动性指标作为神经网络的输入，未来时段内的最大地震震级作为其输出，可以对某一固定地区的最大地震震级作出中近期预报。选用的神经网络模型为含两个中间层的前向模型，并采用ＢＰ算法。所得结果表明，用神经网络方法可以在一定精度范围内使震级预报的内检符合率达到１００％，在本文的例子中，外推预报准确率达到６０％以上。     

太行山区元古代早期和中期地层的古地磁学测定结果及其地质意义

最近十余年来,我国古地磁学工作者曾对南方震旦纪地层以及北方蓟县的元古代地层做过一些古地磁学测定,并且对某些地质现象进行了解释。但是,对再早一些时期岩石的古地磁学研究仍属空白。地球的基本磁场主要起源于地球内部,它的参量必然反映地球的内部特征。按照地磁场的轴向地心偶极子假定,古地磁学的典型研究成果——视古地磁极移动轨迹应与地壳的构造发育演化过程有着内在的联系。太行山区是华北地台中、下元古界一个颇为发育的地区,本文简要报道作者对分布在该区地质年龄约为-2300百万年至-1650百万年的滹沱超群和长城系的古地磁学初步测定结果,并结合太行山区元古代早期和中期的大地构造问题提出粗浅的看法。     

Elimination of spurious higher-mode response in pseudodynamic tests

In a pseudodynamic test, errors in restoring-force feedback are introduced into numerical computations. Some of these errors can excite the higher-frequency response of the specimen. In this paper, the use of viscous and numerical dampings to eliminate spurious higher-frequency effects is studied. Since the tangent stiffness of a non-linear specimen cannot be measured accurately, initial-stiffness-dependent viscous damping is considered. In addition, an explicit integration algorithm with desired numerical damping properties is proposed and examined. The analytical and numerical studies presented indicate that viscous-damping properties can be substantially changed by non-linear deformations. For this reason, the use of numerical damping appears to be more advantageous.     

关中地区地磁比值Rq的变化与地震关系的分析

应用小波分析空间差分法分析了泾阳台、乾陵台、周至台和郑州台的Z分量的地磁磁静日Rg值的变化规律，结果显示，各台的磁静日Rg值有较一致的年变规律。分析泾阳台与其它各台的磁静日R。差值分析和小波变换，发现1998年1月5日泾阳4．8级地震前4个月内存在较明显的异常变化。可能反映了泾阳地震的震磁效应。对远离泾阳台、乾陵台的青海昆仑山口西8．1级地震，震前也有明显异常变化。     

发达国家资源安全供应模式及其借鉴意义

资源安全供应是保障国民经济持续健康发展的必要条件。阐述了发达国家资源安全供应的3个模式：比较优势模式、贸易一投资模式和系统论模式。通过实例，就模式的作用机理进行了简要分析。结合我国的实际情况，借鉴发达国家资源安全供应的经验，就我国资源的安全供应提出了4个方面的建议。     

Equivalent force control method for generalized real‐time substructure testing with implicit integration

This paper presents a new method, called the equivalent force control method, for solving the nonlinear equations of motion in a real‐time substructure test using an implicit time integration algorithm. The method replaces the numerical iteration in implicit integration with a force‐feedback control loop, while displacement control is retained to control the motion of an actuator. The method is formulated in such a way that it represents a unified approach that also encompasses the effective force test method. The accuracy and effectiveness of the method have been demonstrated with numerical simulations of real‐time substructure tests with physical substructures represented by spring and damper elements, respectively. The method has also been validated with actual tests in which a Magnetorheological damper was used as the physical substructure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.