中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)Akt/PKB 基因在病原刺激下的表达和功能分析

本文在对中国明对虾转录组数据进行生物信息学分析的基础上,克隆获得了其Akt/PKB基因(FcAkt)的开放阅读框(ORF)的cDNA序列,分析了对虾FcAkt基因的结构特征,并利用实时定量RT-PCR技术分析了FcAkt基因在鳗弧菌、溶壁微球菌和白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)注射后的转录表达变化。结果表明,中国明对虾FcAkt基因的ORF全长为1536bp,编码511个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量为58.9kDa,理论等电点pI为5.60。同源比对显示该基因的氨基酸序列在不同物种之间具有较高的保守性。进化分析发现FcAkt与地蟹、果蝇、埃及伊蚊、家蚕等节肢动物的蛋白激酶B(Akt/PKB)亲缘关系较近。FcAkt的转录表达在不同细菌或WSSV刺激后具有明显的变化,提示对虾FcAkt基因可能在对虾的免疫防御中发挥了重要作用。     

Ozone Profile Retrieval from Satellite Observation Using High Spectral Resolution Infrared Sounding Instrument

I. IntroductionOzone p1ays a very 1mportant ro1e in globa1 climate change. This is particularly true inthe stratosphere, where ultra--v1olet solar radiation is strongly absorbed by ozone, leading tosubstantlal change in the earths atmospheric thermal, physical and chemical structure. Al-though the troposphere contains only about l0% of the total atmospheric ozone, the varia-tlon of tropospheric ozone may have more significant cllmatic effect than stratospheric ozoneon the earth's surface temP…     

高速公路雾灾风险区划模型

运用2011年12月至2015年11月河北省11条高速公路沿线156套交通气象监测站资料、142个国家气象站雾灾资料、因雾造成的交通事故和封闭管制资料、高速公路日均车流量、路网密度等资料,基于致灾因子危险性、承灾体空间脆弱性以及承灾体易损性3个方面建立了高速公路雾灾风险区划模型,并绘制河北省高速公路雾灾风险区划图。结果发现:(1)河北北部地区、西部山区、沧州沿海地区的高速公路雾灾风险等级较低,而东部和南部平原地区的高速公路雾灾风险等级较高,可为交通安全管理部门提供一定的参考依据;(2)在相同区域内,局地浓雾多发、交通事故多发、大范围雾日多都可造成高速公路雾灾风险等级升高。     

青藏高原北部黑石北湖新生代钾质火山岩的成因

昆仑岩带新生代钾质火山活动是青藏高原北缘深部动力学过程的重要记录。有关岩浆源区的性质和岩浆产生的机制一直存在较大的认识分歧。阐述了昆仑岩带黑石北湖钾质火山岩的岩石学和地球化学特征,并与西昆仑康西瓦和泉水沟新生代火山岩进行了成因对比分析。研究表明,昆仑火山岩带玄武质岩石的K2O和Na2O含量变化较大,从钠质过渡到钾质,硅碱图显示玄武质初始岩浆向钾质安粗岩方向演化。黑石北湖火山岩的高场强元素和Sr、Nd同位素组成显示岩浆源区具有EMⅡ的性质。岩石LREE的强烈富集和HREE的强烈分馏指示岩浆来自富集型含石榴子石地幔源区。不相容元素K/Nb、Ba/La等比值具有岛弧火山岩与OIB型玄武岩的过渡特征,指示源区为曾遭受软流圈流（熔）体交代的古俯冲地幔楔。     

Seasonal heat budget in the tropical Western Pacific Ocean in a global GCM II. In five subregions

The general features of the seasonal surface heat budget in the tropical western Pacific Ocean, 20° S–20°N, western boundary −160°E, were documented by Qu (1995) using a high-resolution general circulation model (GCM, Semtner & Chervin, 1992) and existing observations. Close inspection of the smaller areas, with the whole region further partitioned into six parts, showed different mechanisms balance the seasonal surface heat budget in different parts of the region. The results of study on five subregions are detailed in this article. In the equatorial (3°S–3°N) and North Equatorial Countercurrent (3°N–9°N) region, the surface heat flux does not change significantly throughout the year, so the surface heat content is determined largely by vertical motion near the equator and roughly half due to horizontal and half due to vertical circulation in the region of the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC). In the other subrigions (9°N–20°N, 20°S–11°S and 11°S–3°S), however, in addition to ocean dynamics, surface heat flux can also play a major role in the seasonal variation of sea surface temperature (SST). The remotely forced baroclinic waves and their effect on the surface heat storage in the model are also investigated. Comparison with observations indicates that the model wave activities are reasonably realistic. Contribution No. 2396 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This study was supported by the Australian CSIRO Division of Oceanography and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49176255)     

A new way to measure the departure from thermodynamic equilibrium in stellar atmospheres

A new way to measure the departure from thermodynamic equilibrium is proposed based on the departure factor which evaluates the deviation from a Boltzmann level distribution, used by Short and Hauschildt (2005) and others. The way is based on an explicit relationship describing the departure factor as a function of line to continuum source, dynamic temperature and line photon frequency, under three assumptions that the scattering can be neglected, the background continuum can be treated as a Planck function, and finally the complete redistribution can be true. It has the advantage that the departure can be very conveniently evaluated from the spectral analysis with only the radiative transfer involved. Some physical insights are recovered for some extreme cases.Some example calculations of the departure are presented for the quiet Sun, faint solar flare and strong solar flare for the generally used solar chromospheric lines: Hα, Hβ,CaII H, K and triplet. It is revealed that in the case of solar flares, the departure is less than thermodynamic equilibrium along the larger depth range than in the quiet sun due to chromospheric condensation. It becomes hard to distinguish the departures for the different lines of the same atom or ion. It is expected that this investigation can be constructive for studying stellar atmospheres in cases where the three assumptions are close to reality.     

Cryopreservation of Gametophytes of Laminaria japonica （Phaeophyta） Using Encapsulation-Dehydration with Two-Step Cooling Method

Gametophytes of Laminaria japonica were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen using encapsulation-dehydration with two-step cooling method. Gametophytes cultured at 10℃ and under continuous irradiance of 30 μmol m-2 s-1 for 3 weeks were encapsulated in calcium alginate beads. The beads were dehydrated in 0.4 molL-1 sucrose prepared with seawater for 6 h, desiccated in an incubator set at 10℃ and 70% relative humidity for 4 h, pre-frozen at either -40℃ or -60℃ for 30 min, and stored in liquid nitrogen for ＞24 h. As high as 43% of survival rate was observed when gametophytes were thawed by placing the beads in 40℃seawater and re-hydrated in 0.05 molL-1 citrate sodium prepared using 30‰ NaC1 7 d later. More cells of male gametophytes survived the whole procedure in comparison with female gametophytes. The cells of gametophytes surviving the preservation were able to grow asexually and produce morphologically normal sporophytes.     

中国台湾地区及世界部分主要海水养殖国家养殖疾病综述

本文综述了中国台湾地区及世界部分主要海水养殖国家和地区的水产养殖病害情况,对鱼虾贝类的病毒性疾病、细菌性疾病及其他病症的流行情况、防治方法、病原特征、宿主范围和组织病理学特征等进行了较详细的介绍。本综述对我国的海水养殖业和水产病害研究将有重要的指导作用     

松辽流域水资源现状与地下水开发利用分析

松辽流域是我国北方水资源紧缺的地区之一,1994～2001年整个流域的年均降水量为6052 13×108m3,水资源总量1931 11×108m3,其中地表水资源量1668 81×108m3,地下水资源量637 16×108m3,地表水与地下水的水资源重复计算量374 86×108m3。松辽流域人均、亩均水资源量分别为全国平均水平的70%和34%。基于流域水均衡的观点,从降水、地表水、地下水和水资源总量四个方面分析了松辽流域水资源现状及其特点,并对1994～2001年流域供水、用水组成及其变化特征进行了分析,给出水资源的时空展布规律与社会经济布局不相匹配、地下水在总供水量中所占比例越来越大的结论,进一步对地下水开发利用中存在的水环境问题及其成因进行了探讨。     

沙尘天气过程对中国北方城市空气质量的影响

2014年4月23-25日中国北方地区经历了一次大范围的强沙尘天气过程.利用13个城市的空气质量和气象数据结合后向轨迹模式和MODIS deep-blue气溶胶光学厚度数据,研究沙尘天气过程对中国北方城市空气质量的影响,特别是对PM_2.5质量浓度的贡献。结果表明:来源于塔克拉玛干沙漠及其周边地区的沙尘途经甘肃西北部和内蒙古中西部的沙漠区进而影响下游城市。MODIS deep-blue气溶胶光学厚度的空间分布能够较好地反映出沙尘的水平运动特征。沙尘天气过程可以使中国北方城市PM_2.5和PM₁₀质量浓度分别增加7.5%～1 141.2%和344.0%～2 562.1%,可以有效地降低SO₂、NO₂和CO气体污染物的浓度,而对O₃的浓度影响较小。银川、大同和库尔勒沙尘天气过程期间平均SO₂、NO₂和CO浓度较非沙尘天气过程期间降低最明显,分别降低约80.0%、78.7%和62.1%。