Overall efficiency of a V-shaped nylon net fence in preventing sand damage to the Mogao Grottoes

A V-shaped nylon net fence installed in 1990 on top of the Mogao Grottoes is shown to be effectively resisting aeolian sand damage to the grottoes. The structure guides and causes deposition of sand from westerly wind (the primary hard wind), but to some extent hinders the inverse function of easterly wind carrying sand away from the grottoes toward Mount Mingsha. The gobi side by the fence experiences higher wind speed, so that on which are easily formed undercutting pits, and the deposited sands on it generally form double-peak structures due to abundant sand sources. If the earth surface characteristics in gobi areas by both sides of the fence are quite varied, the erosion and deposition features of the accumulating sand section are similar in different seasons; however, if the earth surface characteristics are similar, the features become irregular in different seasons. Sand depositions with long slope feet are formed along the south and north sides of V-shaped nylon net fence. Disrupted by strong westerly wind and northwesterly wind, sand accumulations by north of the fence are in form of single peaks. Although the operation duration of the V-shaped nylon net fence has exceeded its design life (10 years), our observations indicate that it is still effective in reducing wind-driven sand damages to the Mogao Grottoes, so it should not be withdrawn.     

过去300年大兴安岭北部气候变化特征（英文）

The Greater Khingan Mountains(Daxinganling) are China's important ecological protective screen and also the region most sensitive to climate changes. To gain an in-depth understanding and reveal the climate change characteristic in this high-latitude, cold and data-insufficient region is of great importance to maintaining ecological safety and corresponding to global climate changes. In this article, the annual average temperature, precipitation and sunshine duration series were firstly constructed using tree-ring data and the meteorological observation data. Then, using the climate tendency rate method, moving-t-testing method, Yamamoto method and wavelet analysis method, we have investigated the climate changes in the region during the past 307 years. Results indicate that, since 1707, the annual average temperature increased significantly, the precipitation increased slightly and the sunshine duration decreased, with the tendency rates of 0.06℃/10 a, 0.79 mm/10 a and –5.15 h/10 a, respectively(P≤0.01). Since the 21 st century, the period with the greatest increase of the annual average temperature(also with the greatest increase of precipitation) corresponds to the period with greatest decrease of sunshine duration. Three sudden changes of the annual average temperature and sunshine duration occurred in this period while two sudden changes of precipitation occurred. The strong sudden-change years of precipitation and sunshine duration are basically consistent with the sudden-change years of annual average temperature, suggesting that in the mid-1860 s, the climatic sudden change or transition really existed in this region. In the time domain, the climatic series of this region exhibit obvious local variation characteristics. The annual average temperature and sunshine duration exhibit the periodic variations of 25 years while the precipitation exhibits a periodic variation of 20 years. Based on these periodic characteristics, one can infer that in the period from 2013 to 2030, the temperature will be at a high-temperature stage, the precipitation will be at an abundant-precipitation stage and the sunshine duration will be at an less-sunshine stage. In terms of spatial distribution, the leading distribution type of the annual average temperature in this region shows integrity, i.e., it is easily higher or lower in the whole region; and the second distribution type is more(or less) in the southwest parts and less(or more) in the northeast parts. Precipitation and sunshine duration exhibit complex spatial distribution and include fourspatial distribution types. The present study can provide scientific basis for the security investigation of homeland, ecological and water resources as well as economic development programming in China's northern borders.     

西藏羌塘地区戈木错渐新世钾质火山岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义

羌塘戈木错出露一套30Ma的钾质火山岩,岩石类型包括橄榄碱玄岩、橄榄粗面玄武岩、霓辉粗面岩和舍白榴石响岩.火山岩的SiO2含量变化于46%～60%之间,Al2O3含量在13%～21%之间,Mg#介于0.14和0.63之间,K2O/Na2O＞1.岩石强烈富集轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损相容元素(Cr、Ni)和高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti),全岩εHf(t)值变化于-1.28～-6.20之间.研究表明,戈木错火山岩母岩浆起源于软流圈流体交代的古俯冲地幔楔的低程度熔融.同源岩浆经历了AFC作用.戈木错火山岩和区域上的鱼鳞山、火车头山钾质一超钾质火山岩共同组成了羌塘渐新世钾质一超钾质火山岩带.综合南羌塘新生代火山岩岩浆性质的演化,认为岩浆的产生可能与35Ma左右羌塘陆内俯冲板片断离导致的软流圈上涌一岩石圈减薄作用有关.     

中国东部大陆岩石地球化学图揭示的信息

根据中国东部各省（区、市）区域地质志、1：50万地质图和中国东部地壳与岩石元素丰度研究成果首次编制的中国东部60种元素的岩石地球化学图，基本反映了与特定岩性有关的区域岩石地球化学元素含量分布特征和与大地构造单元有关的区域地球化学元素舍量分布特征，直观表达了中国东部空间地理上元素背景含量的宏观分布与变化，以及不同大地构造单元元素背景含量的变化趋势。这一成果为勘查地球化学、环境地球化学，特别是区域化探扫面水系沉积物资料的定量解释提供了基本依据，为基础地质、大地构造、区域成矿研究提供了重要资料，也为地球化学块体理论及其形成机制的研究提供了强有力的支持。     

SHRIMP zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os isotopic dating of the tungsten deposits in the Tianmenshan–Hongtaoling W–Sn orefield, southern Jiangxi Province, China, and geological implications

The southern Jiangxi Province is a major part of the Nanling W–Sn metallogenic province of southern China, where all W–Sn ore deposits are temporally and spatially related to Mesozoic granitic intrusions. The Tianmenshan–Hongtaoling orefield is a recently explored territory endowed by several styles of W–Sn mineralization. The orefield comprises three composite granitic plutons: Tianmenshan, Hongtaoling and Zhangtiantang associated with several tens of W–Sn-polymetallic ore deposits (Maoping, Baxiannao, Niuling, Zhangdou, Yaolanzhai and others) along their contacts. In this study, four new SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages were determined for three composite granitic plutons, and 33 molybdenite samples from five W–Sn deposits were analysed by ICP-MS Re–Os isotopic method. SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages for both medium to coarse-gained biotite granite and porphyritic biotite monzogranite from the Tianmenshan composite pluton are 157.2 ± 2.2 Ma and 151.8 ± 2.9 Ma, respectively. Molybdenite Re–Os isochron ages for the related Baxiannao fracture-controlled tungsten deposits are 157.9 ± 1.5 Ma. Maoping greisens-type tungsten deposits were emplaced at 155.3 ± 2.8 Ma and the Maoping wolframite–quartz veins at 150.2 ± 2.8 Ma, respectively. The SHRIMP U–Pb age of zircons from the Hongtaoling biotite granite is 151.4 ± 3.1 Ma whereas the molybdenite Re–Os isochron ages of the genetically related Niuling endocontact tungsten quartz veins and Zhangdou exocontact tungsten quartz veins are 154.9 ± 4.1 to 154.6 ± 9.7 Ma and 149.1 ± 7.1 Ma, respectively. The SHRIMP zircon U–Pb age of the Zhangtiantang fine-grained muscovite granite is 156.9 ± 1.7 Ma, whereas the molybdenite Re–Os isochron age for the related Yaolanzhai greisens-type tungsten deposit is 155.8 ± 2.8 Ma. These new age data, combined with those available from the literature, indicate that the ages of W–Sn ores and related granites are Late Jurassic with a peak at 150 to 160 Ma, which corresponds to the widespread Mesozoic metallogenic event in southern China. Molybdenites from this group of tungsten deposits have quite low Re contents (29.1 to 2608 ppb), suggesting continental crustal provenance of the ore metals.     

大跨度深埋黄土隧洞的开挖效应研究

本文研究了大跨度深埋黄土隧洞在其它条件不变的前提下, 全断面开挖时黄土的变形破坏规律和衬砌中内力的分布规律, 指出了它们存在本质区别的原因在于不同的开挖方式, 揭示了开挖的本质, 分析了内力合理分布的条件。     

土石坝坡抗震极限分析上限法

基于极限分析的上限定理,提出一种土石坝极限抗震分析的新方法。该方法假定土体为理想刚塑性材料且满足相关联流动准则,将土石坝坡滑动体划分为若干水平土条,计算各滑动土条的外功率与内能耗散,然后通过能量平衡条件,利用优化算法确定土石坝的极限抗震能力。运用所提方法,对一典型心墙土石坝进行极限抗震能力分析,研究了水平条分数以及抗剪强度参数对极限抗震能力影响。计算结果表明,水平条分数对滑裂面形状影响较大而对大坝极限抗震能力影响较小。当水平条分数增加到一定数目时大坝极限抗震能力最终趋于一个稳定值。同时,堆石料的抗剪强度对大坝极限抗震能力影响较大。通过与传统的极限平衡法对比,验证了所提方法的正确性与可行性。     

平原区地表水与地下水联合调控模型研究

平原区三水转化关系强烈，由地表水和地下水形成了统一的水资源系统。本文研究分析了基于费用准则和供水量准则的地表水与地下水联合调控模型，以合理开发、优化调度本区的水资源．充分发挥该区地表水库和地下含水层空间的联合调蓄作用，提高水资源的利用率，达到最佳的社会效益、环境效益和经济效益。     

耕地的弹性变形理论及实证研究

以耕地占补平衡制度实施为背景,引入弹性力学理论,探究了耕地的系统特征及其弹性变化理论,并以中国为例开展了实证。研究表明:(1)耕地系统的自组织特性决定了其弹性特征,并在不同应力条件下弹性变化具阶段性;(2)应用耕地弹性变形判别系数和判断规则对各省份分析后认为,浙江、福建、云南、贵州、陕西、北京、广东、广西等地维持长期耕地系统稳定性难度大,而新疆、内蒙古、黑龙江等后备资源丰富省区则可保持较高的系统稳定性;(3)2010年、2056年为我国耕地弹性变形阶段、塑性变形阶段和非稳定态变形阶段划分的时间节点。研究有助于警示我国应强化耕地资源量质保护和空间管制,促进社会经济和生态持续发展。     

中国“数字海洋”原型系统构建和运行的基础研究

1 引言 "数字海洋"伴随"数字地球"战略的提出应运而生,是"数字地球"十分重要的组成部分,是"数字地球"理论和技术在海洋工作领域的体现和再创新[1-5].国外与"数字海洋"相关的研究主要包括全球海洋观测系统(GOOS)、基于遥感技术的全球海平面上升研究、区域性海洋观测如信息服务系统等,比较典型的有GOOS,美国的改善海洋观测系统(IOOS)、澳大利亚的BLUELINK等系统[6-9].