Interaction of copper with fatty acids in Soxhlet extraction and its influence

Treatment with metallic copper for the removal of elemental sulfur from bitumen extracted from sedimentary rocks or petroleum is the most widely used method. Little attention has been paid, however, to its disadvantages. It was observed that copper can interact with some polar organic substances during conventional sulfur removal, which can strongly influence the quantitative and qualitative determination of bitumen, as has been confirmed by interaction of long-chain fatty acids with copper. The copper soap generated was analyzed by element analysis, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry （ICP-OES）, thermal analysis （TG-DSC） and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy （FFIR）. Mechanism of the interaction was investigated and elucidated. Our experimental results would necessitate improvement of the present method for sulfur removal and/or a search for a new one.     

山东莱州曲家金矿原生晕地球化学分带性研究及地质意义

曲家金矿位于胶东焦家成矿带中段,为新城金矿和马塘金矿的深部延深,矿体赋存深度300~1300 m.对区内32个钻孔岩心样品进行了取样,获得了34个元素的分析数据,研究了各元素的浓度分带及成分分带.发现多元素在此深度范围内除沿矿体轴向有迁移成晕外,在垂向上也有迁移和成晕现象,这对于穿透性地球化学和原生晕找矿机理研究有重要意义.同时发现成矿元素在成矿带轴向和垂向上的扩散受多种因素影响,包括矿体部位,成矿热液中元素浓度、热液的温度压力、围岩化学活性和可渗透性等,在空间分布上具有复杂性.原生晕的高浓度带主要沿断裂蚀变带分布.用格里戈良法和重心法确定的轴向成分分带,在深部有头晕元素与尾晕元素的叠加,预示深部仍存在隐伏金矿体,这与西部邻近招贤勘查区深部发现金矿体的勘查结果相符.垂向上从浅到深成分分带性存在差异,垂向上易在浅部浓集的元素为Se、Cd、Mo、Hg、Bi、S、F、Cu、Ag,成矿带附近浓集的元素为Sb、As、Au、W等,As、Sb在垂向上的迁移能力弱,主要沿轴向迁移.当浅部多个元素同时达到K2O≥4.57×10–2,Au≥0.8×10–9,Ag≥0.057×10–6,Cu≥2.5×10–6,Bi≥0.08×10–6,Hg≥17×10–9,S≥0.0583×10–2,Mo≥0.74×10–6,W≥0.55×10–6时,指示深部发现金矿体的可能性较大,Hg·Ag/(As·W)、Bi·Hg/(As·Au)指数可用来判断金矿体的埋深.     

Discovery of the Archean Magmatic Cu-Ni Sulfide Deposit in China—Taoke Deposit,Shandong Province

The formation ages of global magmatic sulfide Ni-Cu deposits are from Archean to Mesozoic,the Neoarchean and Neoproterozoic are the two peaks.In China,the formation ages of magmatic sulfide deposits are from Proterozoic to Mesozoic,and the Neoproterozoic and late Paleozoic are the two peaks,.Compared with the global magmatic deposits,there is no case study of the Archean magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in China before.The nickel deposits formed in Neoproterozoic are located on the margin of the North China Block and Yangtze Block(e.g.Jinchuan,Dapoling),and those formed in the late Paleozoic are mainly distributed in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB).Emeishan and Tarim Large Igneous Provinces(LIPs).such as Kalatongke,Yangliuping,and Pobei.     

对雅鲁藏布江结合带形成演化的再探讨

通过1∶5万区域地质调查和收集相关资料的综合研究,本文对雅鲁藏布江结合带的形成演化作了进一步的探讨。雅鲁藏布江特提斯洋具有弧后扩张洋盆的性质,在早三叠世至中三叠世中期洋盆初步形成,中三叠世晚期至晚三叠世洋盆全面形成,从早侏罗世至晚白垩世洋盆逐步萎缩,到古新世至始新世关闭。南带的蛇绿岩主要为洋中脊扩张型(MORB型),形成于中三叠世晚期至晚三叠世。北带的蛇绿岩主要为与洋内俯冲相关的俯冲带上盘型(SSZ型),形成于早中侏罗世。带内侏罗纪至白垩纪其他岩浆岩主要为前弧玄武岩类(FAB型)。显示雅鲁藏布江特提斯洋从早侏罗世开始发生了洋内俯冲,并同步向北向冈底斯带之下主动俯冲消减和向南向喜马拉雅地块之下被动俯冲消减,持续发展到晚白垩世,在古新世至始新世俯冲碰撞消亡转化为结合带。     

浅述深水水道的形态学特征

目前深水水道的分类方案较多,本文基于深水水道的形态学特征,且聚焦于单一型深水水道,将其划分为顺直型(曲率介于1～1.25)、低弯度S型(曲率介于1.25～1.5)和高弯度S型(曲率>1.5)。其中,顺直型水道侵蚀作用最强,往往不发育天然堤沉积,无侧向加积;低弯度S型水道发育天然堤,并具有侧向加积;高弯度S型天然堤及侧向加积最为发育,决口扇常与之伴生。深水水道的曲率是水道形态的直观表现,曲率大小主要受深水地貌即深水地形坡度的影响。在上陆坡区域,地形坡度较大,沉积物能量强,深水水道以顺直型为主。中陆坡区域,随着地形坡度的减缓,水道的弯曲形态也逐渐增加,形成低弯度S型,直至下陆坡,水道演变为高弯度的S型。     

胶东焦家断裂带3000 m深部矿化特征及金矿物赋存状态

胶东是我国黄金的主要产地,前人已开展大量矿床学研究,但主要集中在浅部,其深部的成矿研究仍然薄弱.本文以目前最深的见矿钻孔为研究对象,在宏观观察描述的基础上,以电子探针为主要研究方法,在微观上系统开展深部金矿的矿相学和元素地球化学研究,为深部金矿成矿特征提供了第一手的基础资料,研究结果对于深入认识焦家金矿带矿床的成因以及进一步的深部找矿预测都具有重要意义.超深科研钻ZK01井位于莱州吴一村地区,是目前焦家断裂带最深的见矿钻孔,也是我国岩金最深见矿孔.深钻蚀变类型主要有钾化、硅化、黄铁矿化、绢英岩化、黄铁绢英岩化、绿泥石化和碳酸盐化,矿石类型为黄铁绢英岩化碎裂岩和黄铁绢英岩化花岗质碎裂岩,矿体多以脉状、细脉网脉状、细脉浸染状为主.载金矿物主要为黄铁矿,少数金矿物分布在黄铜矿、石英和钾长石中.焦家带深部矿石金矿物成色较高,主要为含银自然金,其次为银金矿,说明该深钻深部金矿形成于高温、较深的成矿环境;成矿时代相对较老.Au主要有两种赋存形式:独立的金矿物和不可见金即晶格金.独立金矿物可分为三种赋存状态,即包体金、裂隙金和晶隙金.初步认为矿石矿物生成顺序从早到晚依次为:(不含Pb黄铁矿、方铅矿、辉铋矿、金矿物)→(黄铜矿)→(含Pb黄铁矿)→(方铅矿、金矿物)→(重晶石)→(闪锌矿).深钻成矿热液存在多期活动,碎裂岩带为含金热液运移提供了通道,多重成矿阶段的叠加和复合导致金矿物多期次结晶.     

不同顶管组合方式的管幕冻结温度场模型试验

拱北隧道作为港珠澳大桥珠海连接线的关键性工程,在国内外首次成功运用了管幕冻结技术。以此为背景,为更加全面地掌握饱和软土地层中管幕冻结温度场的分布特点,开展了不同顶管组合方式下的管幕冻结温度场模型试验研究。试验结果表明:各测点温度曲线在积极冻结期前4h急剧下降,随后逐渐减缓,降至砂土冰点后趋于平稳,三种布管方式均满足冻结设计要求;冻结管中低温盐水提供的冷量首先传递给顶管管壁,再以面的形式均匀地传递给周围土体;积极冻结21h后,采用四根空顶管组合的C区冻结壁竖向范围最大,空管管壁正上方冻结壁平均厚度约为105mm,在满足管幕刚度设计要求的前提下,可采此布管方式以达到快速形成冻结帷幕的目的。限位管开启后的4h内,实顶管中线垂直距离100mm范围内测点温度曲线虽有明显回升但仍维持在冻土冰点以下,超出此范围后温度变化影响逐渐减弱,且顶管间冻结壁稳定存在,表明限位管在满足管间有效封水的条件下,能在一定范围内起到定向限制地层冻胀的作用。优化后的双圆形冻结管在满足冻结设计要求的同时,更加便于安装且经济环保。     

煤层气井产出剖面测试技术及应用

现有常规油气井产出剖面测试方法在煤层气井中适应性较差,测试范围和测量工艺等存在局限性,施工成功率低。因此,本文对煤层气井产出剖面测试技术进行了整体的系统化设计和研发。通过紧凑的结构设计、高度集成,研发了一套可同时进行温度、压力、磁性定位、热式流量、探针持气率、微波持气、涡轮流量和超声流量等多参数测量的煤层气井测井仪,并研制了一套一次下井可进行多种测试技术测量的煤层气井产出剖面测试技术。同时提高了测试仪器的精度和抗干扰能力,开发了多任务多窗口的便携地面系统操作,并研制新型偏心测试井口应用于煤层气井,实现修井作业时不间断连续测试。该技术在鄂尔多斯盆地石楼北区块3口煤层气井进行了现场试验,取得精确、连续的测试数据。测试结果显示,石楼北区块8^#+9^#煤层为主力产气、产水层。     

基于数值模拟的汾河二库对晋祠泉岩溶水系统渗漏补给作用研究

汾河二库的下闸蓄水,改变了晋祠泉域汾河地表水对岩溶水的渗漏补给条件,对区域岩溶水流场变化有着长远的影响。本研究通过系统梳理库区水文地质条件,勾画地表水渗漏补给岩溶水范围,考虑地层岩性、蓄水高度等因素,确定二库不同蓄水水位下晋祠泉域获渗漏量占比;构建晋祠泉三维岩溶地下水流模型,研究二库渗漏对泉域岩溶地下水补给作用,并预测不同蓄水情景下晋祠泉口水位变化趋势。结果表明：晋祠泉域获渗漏量占比随二库蓄水位非线性变化,最低为92.8%,在二库蓄水位达902 m后稳定在93.7%,而渗漏量与二库蓄水高度呈正相关;泉域岩溶水径流区受渗漏补给作用最显著,其次为排泄区、北部补给区;渗漏补给作用下,地下水位回升值受二库水位和补水距离影响;维持设计水位（905.7 m）和2017年水位（895.9~902.4 m）时,预计晋祠泉口水位分别在2021年7月和2023年1月达到泉口高程。     

Vanadium and niobium behavior in rutile as a function of oxygen fugacity: evidence from natural samples

Vanadium occurs in multiple valence states in nature, whereas Nb is exclusively pentavalent. Both are compatible in rutile, but the relationship of V–Nb partitioning and dependence on oxygen fugacity (expressed as fO₂) has not yet been systematically investigated. We acquired trace-element concentrations on rutile grains (n = 86) in nine eclogitic samples from the Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) and combined them with published results in order to assess the direct and indirect effects of oxygen fugacity on the partitioning of V and Nb into rutile. A well-defined negative correlation between Nb (7–1,200 ppm) and V concentrations (50–3,200 ppm) was found, documenting a competitive relationship in the rutile crystal that does not appear to be controlled by bulk rock or mineral compositions. Based on the published relationship of ^RtD_V and V valence with ?QFM, we suggest that the priority order of V incorporation into rutile is V⁴⁺ > V³⁺ > V⁵⁺. The inferred Nb–V competitive relationship in rutile from the Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt could be explained by decreasing fO₂ due to dehydration reactions involving loss of oxidizing fluids during continental subduction: The increased proportion of V³⁺ (expressed as V³⁺/∑V) and attendant decrease in ^RtD_V is suggested to lead to an increase in rutile lattice sites available for Nb⁵⁺. A similar effect may be observed under more oxidizing conditions. When V⁵⁺/∑V increases, ^RtD_V shows a dramatic decline and Nb concentration increases considerably. This is possibly documented by rutile in highly metasomatized and oxidized MARID-type (MARID: mica–amphibole–rutile–ilmenite–diopside) mantle xenoliths from the Kaapvaal craton, which also show a negative V–Nb covariation. In addition, their Nb/Ta covaries with V concentrations: For V concentrations <1,250 ppm, Nb/Ta ranges between 35 and 45, whereas for V > 1,250 ppm, Nb/Ta is considerably lower (5–15). This relationship is mainly controlled by a change in Nb concentrations, suggesting that the indirect dependence of ^RtD_Nb on fO₂, which is not mirrored in ^RtD_Ta, can exert considerable influence on rutile Nb–Ta fractionation.