辽宁本溪晶花洞洞穴特征及形成时代

辽宁本溪晶花洞发育于中奥陶世马家沟组(O₂m)厚层灰岩中,主要受近SN、NE断裂控制,沿近SN断裂发育高度不同的4层洞穴。洞内沉积物以化学沉积为主,机械沉积较少。通过测定洞内外的温度、湿度及CO₂含量,对比研究发现洞穴封闭性较好,与外界大气循环较差。在与洞外干河河流阶地的高程及形成时代上的对比研究基础上,结合主洞所采年龄样的铀系法测年(111.5±5.3 ka),初步推断晶花洞主洞发育于晚更新世。     

网格嵌套技术对一次中尺度对流系统降水过程模拟的影响

利用非静力中尺度模式MM5对2002年7月22日12:00~23日12:00(世界时,下同)长江流域的一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行数值模拟试验,主要讨论了网格嵌套技术对降水和中尺度对流系统的影响。结果表明:三重嵌套在D1,D2域选用积云参数化方案后,模拟的雨区收缩,虚假降水中心相对减少,降水强度及分布更接近观测值。在模式非线性动力、热力及湿物理过程共同驱动下,通过嵌套网格的双向相互作用,使可分辨云尺度的细网格域D3将其信息通过嵌套边界向次细网格域D2传递,然后再通过D2域边界向粗网格域D1域传递。同样,动力、热力反馈也会反向进行。结果将有助于改进各网格域的预报效果。但对D1网格域系统位置及其发展演变过程的影响相对小些;另外,通过双向多重嵌套,可提高模式预报区域的分辨率,特别是提高模式关键预报区域的分辨率,这也就有可能改进预报的中尺度物理场,使其能够较真实地描写大气实况。     

黑河流域大气资料尺度转换的对比分析

尺度转换是解决尺度差异问题的有效方法之一。尺度转换统计模式的可靠性和正确性如何,在很大程度上取决于建立统计模式时所用的实际气象资料的处理,尤其在下垫面分布极不均匀地区。本文研究了黑河流域这一复杂下垫面条件下的大气资料的尺度转换问题,对比分析了由NCEP再分析资料直接内插到较小尺度而得到的局地气候变化与由尺度转换统计模式,经过客观分析所得到的局地气候变化。结果表明,直接插值所得的细网格值只能用于对平坦地区的温、湿状况的描述,而对较高山区的区域特征描述不够;进行观测资料的客观分析可以更准确地反映黑河流域复杂下垫面背景下近地层大气要素场的变化。研究表明,客观分析过程是尺度转换过程的重要环节。     

南宁市大气能见度变化特征及影响因子分析

对2000至2006年的南宁市能见度资料进行统计分析。分析表明,南宁市近7a能见度年均值在13~17km之间,总体呈下降趋势。一年之中,能见度最小值主要出现在1至3月,最大值出现在6至7月,汛期能见度明显好于非汛期。一日之中,能见度的日变化为:08时<02时<20时<14时。能见度与气象因子的相关分析表明,能见度与温度、风速成正比,与压强、降水、湿度成反比。与污染物的相关分析表明,能见度与PM10浓度的相关性较强,达到-0.58。     

工字型钢铅组合耗能器的非线性有限元模拟

钢铅组合耗能器将钢和铅2种材料巧妙地进行组合,具有制作工艺简单、经济性好等优点。在一种工字型钢铅组合耗能器试验研究的基础上,借助有限元分析软件ANSYS,考虑钢和铅2种材料本构模型的非线性以及2种材料之间的接触作用,建立了这种耗能器的非线性有限元计算模型,对耗能器进行数值模拟;在此基础上对安装耗能器的Benchmark结构进行了地震反应分析。研究结果表明建立的有限元模型能够准确描述耗能器的力学性能,耗能器具有良好的滞回性能和稳定的耗能特性,是一种优良的耗能元件;工字型钢铅组合耗能器减震效果明显。     

对汶川8.0级地震前四川地区地形变类观测异常的研究

研究给出四川地区跨断层短水准、短基线和固定形变台在汶川8.0级地震前出现的异常现象.四川地区跨断层流动垂直、水平形变观测场地观测,在汶川8.0级地震前出现中长期趋势异常的场地数为6个,1个为长期趋势异常,其余5个为中期趋势异常.异常观测场地比为6/31=0.19.其中,龙门山断裂带所在的川北地区有4处跨断层流动短水准观...     

形变观测预报地震模式的探讨

总结了用形变观测项目进行地震分析预报的经验和方法,对观测曲线的形态及异常显示、断层活动性质、地震异常识别、异常与震中的关系、异常与震级的关系、断层位移与地应力变化、预报指标进行了研究,以对今后的地震预报工作提供一定的参考。     

Vertical structures of PM10 and PM 2.5 and their dynamical character in low atmosphere in Beijing urban areas

The vertical structures and their dynamical character of PM2.5 and PM10 over Beijing urban areas are revealed using the 1 min mean continuous mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 at 8, 100, and 320 m heights of the meteorological observation tower of 325 m at Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP CAS tower hereafter) on 10―26 August, 2003, as well as the daily mean mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 and the continuous data of CO and NO2 at 8, 100 (low layer), 200 (middle layer), and 320 m (high layer) heights, in combination with the same period meteorological field observation data of the meteorological tower. The vertical distributions of aerosols observed on IAP CAS tower in Beijing can be roughly divided into two patterns: gradually and rapidly decreasing patterns, I.e. The vertical distribution of aerosols in calm weather or on pollution day belongs to the gradually decreasing pattern, while one on clean day or weak cold air day belongs to the rapidly decreasing pattern. The vertical distributive characters of aerosols were closely related with the dynamical/thermal structure and turbulence character of the atmosphere boundary layer. On the clean day, the low layer PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were close to those at 8 m height, while the concentrations rapidly decreased at the high layer, and their values were only one half of those at 8 m, especially, the concentration of PM2.5 dropped even more. On the clean day, there existed stronger turbulence below 150 m, aerosols were well mixed, but blocked by the more stronger inversion layer aloft, and meanwhile, at various heights, especially in the high layer, the horizontal wind speed was larger, resulting in the rapid decrease of aerosol concentration, I.e. Resulting in the obvious vertical difference of aerosol concentrations between the low and high layers. On the pollution day, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at the low, middle, and high layers dropped successively by, on average, about 10% for each layer in comparison with those at 8 m height. On pollution days, in company with the low wind speed, there existed two shallow inversion layers in the boundary layer, but aerosols might be, to some extent, mixed below the inversion layer, therefore, on the pollution day the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 dropped with height slowly; and the observational results also show that the concentrations at 320 m height were obviously high under SW and SE winds, but at other heights, the concentrations were not correlated with wind directions. The computational results of footprint analysis suggest that this was due to the fact that the 320 m height was impacted by the pollutants transfer of southerly flow from the southern peripheral heavier polluted areas, such as Baoding, and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, Tianjin, and Shandong Province, etc., while the low layer was only affected by Beijing's local pollution source. The computational results of power spectra and periods preliminarily reveal that under the condition of calm weather, the periods of PM10 concentration at various heights of the tower were on the order of minutes, while in cases of larger wind speed, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at 320 m height not only had the short periods of minute-order, but also the longer periods of hour order. Consistent with the conclusion previously drawn by Ding et al., that air pollutants at different heights and at different sites in Beijing had the character of "in-phase" variation, was also observed for the diurnal variation and mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 at various heights of the tower in this experiment, again confirming the "in-phase" temporal/spatial distributive character of air pollutants in the urban canopy of Beijing. The gentle double-peak character of the mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 was closely related with the evident/similar diurnal variation of turbulent momentum fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, and turbulent kinetic energy at various heights in the urban canopy. Besides, under the condition of calm weather, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 declined with height slowly, it was 90% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, a little lesser than 90% at the middle layer, and 80% at the high layer, respectively. Under the condition of weak cold air weather, the concentration remarkably dropped with height, it was 70% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, and 20%―30% at the middle and high layers, especially the concentration of PM2.5 was even lower.     

基于多种探测资料的飞机人工增雨航线设计方法及应用

基于SWAN多普勒雷达产品和FY-2C/D卫星等综合观测资料反演产品,研制了层状云飞机人工增雨飞行航线和对流云(混合云)飞机绕云飞行航线设计方法,并分别应用于湖北省2009年2月5次层状云飞机人工增雨飞行航线设计和2010年4月12日对流云飞机人工增雨绕云航线设计模拟试验.结果表明,飞行航线设计作业区与实际作业区基本一...     

Real-Time Observation on Water-Soluble Ions of PM_(2.5)in Beijing under the Influences of Different Air Masses in Summer

To further understand the variations of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 in Beijing,the authors observed their concentrations continuously and in high temporal resolution by the system for rapid collection of fine particles and ion chromatography(RCFP-IC) during 12–18 July 2010.These results combined with those of earlier backward trajectory research are used analyzed to determine the causes of concentration changes in water-soluble ions under the influences of two kinds of air masses in summer.The results indicate that concentrations of NO3-,SO42-,and NH4+ were influenced strongly by the continental air mass than by the marine air mass.Cl- and Na+ were not changed significantly.Because the sources of K+,Mg2+,and Ca2+ are mainly concentrated on land,their concentration levels were slightly higher under the control of continental air mass than that of the marine air mass.Variations of NO2- during the observation differed from those of other ions;its concentration was significantly higher under the influence of marine air mass.Moreover,the authors obtain the diurnal variations of eight water-soluble inorganic ions including NH4+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+,Cl-,NO2-,NO3-,and SO42-.Diurnal variations of NH4+,NO3-,and Cl- showed single peak,which appeared before noon,while SO42- showed two peaks that appeared during rush hours.Those of Mg2+,Ca2+,and K+ showed single peak that appeared in the afternoon.That of NO2- showed with a peak appearing at sunrise and a valley appearing at sunset.