安大略西北部哲里矿铜—镍硫化物的变质作用和浅成蚀变

引言本文目的在于用资料证明并解释哲里(Thierry)矿的各种硫化物组合。这些说明连同容矿岩的岩石学研究,证明了与镁铁质到超镁铁质岩石伴生的铜—镍矿床,在它们由岩浆作用形成之后,并不是静止的。更确切一点说,动力区域变质作用和浅成蚀变,对于同这些岩石伴生的矿体的演化,扮演了一个重要的角色。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheres of Titan and Jupiter

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are important components of the interstellar medium and carbonaceous chondrites, but have never been identified in the reducing atmospheres of the outer solar system. Incompletely characterized complex organic solids (tholins) produced by irradiating simulated Titan atmospheres reproduce well the observed UV/visible/IR optical constants of the Titan stratospheric haze. Titan tholin and a tholin generated in a crude simulation of the atmosphere of Jupiter are examined by two-step laser desorption/multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry. A range of two- to four-ring PAHs, some with one to four alkylation sites are identified, with net abundance approximately 10(-4) g g-1 (grams per gram) of tholins produced. Synchronous fluorescence techniques confirm this detection. Titan tholins have proportionately more one- and two-ring PAHs than do Jupiter tholins, which in turn have more four-ring and larger PAHs. The four-ringed PAH chrysene, prominent in some discussions of interstellar grains, is found in Jupiter tholins. Solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy suggests approximately equal to 25% of the total C in both tholins is tied up in aromatic and/or aliphatic alkenes. IR spectra indicate an upper limit in both tholins of approximately equal to 6% by mass in benzenes, heterocyclics, and PAHs with more than four rings. Condensed PAHs may contribute at most approximately 10% to the observed detached limb haze layers on Titan. As with interstellar PAHs, the synthesis route of planetary PAHs is likely to be via acetylene addition reactions.     

Homochirality as the signature of life: the SETH Cigar

A characteristic hallmark of life is its homochirality: all biomolecules are usually of one hand, e.g. on Earth life uses only L-amino acids for protein synthesis and not their D mirror images. It is therefore suggested that a search for extra-terrestrial life can be approached as a Search for Extra-Terrestrial Homochirality (SETH). A novel miniaturized space polarimeter, called the SETH Cigar, is described which could he used to detect optical rotation as the homochiral signature of life on other planets. Moving parts are avoided by replacing the normal rotating polarizer by multiple fixed polarizers at different angles as in the eye of the bee. It is believed that homochirality will be found in the subsurface layers on Mars as a relic of extinct life.     

震后一分钟：强震图,有效震中和有效震级

本文报道了台湾实时地震监测的最新进展,尤其是台湾中心气象局遥测地震台网(CWBSN)的实时强震监测。该项工作旨在大震发生后迅即速报。如果速报能在强振动到来之前完成,那么地震早期警报将成为可能。CWBSN已能在大震发生后一分钟内给出强度图、震中和震级。速报和早期警报主要适用于大震(M>>5);不限幅波形记录的需要促使CWBSN在1995年将强震探测仪(如力平衡加速度计)并入其遥测地震监测系统中。将时间域递归处理应用于多道输入地震信号,通过一组联网微机生成强度图。通过等值线,能迅速识别出位于强度图最大等值线(通常为100gal)中央的有效震中。有效震级也能迅速由最大等值线(通常为100gal)覆盖的表面积确定。对于具有有限破裂面的大震,如此得出的震中和震级是更适当的震源位置和破坏强度的估算值。有效震中给出了破坏区域的中心,与传统的震中定位比较,后者仅给出了破裂形成的初始位置。有效震级所反映的更接近地震破坏的潜能,而不是强调总能量释放的传统震级。CWBSN已能在一分钟内获取上述震源的关键信息。这一时间将会进一步缩短至30s以内,如本文中举例描述的那样,地震早期警报的确是一个可能达到的目标。速报和早期警报信息将电传给用户,以采取人为或无人干予的快速反应行动。     

一个植被模式的检验和它在陆气相互作用中的应用

简要介绍了一个植被模式（Simplified Simple Biosphere Model）的发展过程及其在气候研究中的作用。许多观测资料被用来检验和标定这个模式。文中着重介绍了俄罗斯土壤湿度资料和非洲的HAPEX-Sahel观测资料如何帮助我们改进模式和对陆面过程的机制的认识,对观测误差的影响也作了讨论。在地气相互作用中,着重讨论了东亚地气作用的特征。在文中介绍的两个东亚地区的试验中,尽管地面的异常被假设在东亚的两个不同的地区,但都对夏季风传输途径上的降水有很大影响。最后用一个区域模式对陆面模式在预测试验中的应用作了简介。初步的结果显示,这将是一个有很大发展潜力的新领域。     

球状星团NGC4147天区115颗恒星的绝对自行和BVRI测光

以上海天台佘山40cm折射望远镜于1958年拍摄的3张照相底片为第一期资料,印度Kavalur的2.34m Vainu Bappu望远镜于1996年用CCD拍摄的4幅图象为第二期资料,使用Brosche等人1985年发表的球状星团NGC4147天区42颗恒星的位置和绝对自行作为参考架,用中心重叠法进行天体测量归算,得到了这个星团中心附近11'×11'天区内到B＝17.6mag为止115颗恒星的位置和绝对自行,并利用这些自行对成员概率作了估计,同时,还用Vainu Bappu望远镜的CCD进行了BVRI四色测光。本给出了这115颗恒星的位置、绝对自行和成员概率数据,同时,还给出了用Vainu Bappu望远镜的CCD获得的这些恒星的BVRI测光数据。     

Growing Threat of Rapidly-Intensifying Tropical Cyclones in East Asia

This study examines the long-term change in the threat of landfalling tropical cyclones(TCs) in East Asia over the period 1975–2020 with a focus on rapidly intensifying(RI) TCs. The increase in the annual number of RI-TCs over the western North Pacific and the northwestward shift of their genesis location lead to an increasing trend in the annual number of landfalling RI-TCs along the coast of East Asia. The annual power dissipation index(PDI), a measure of the destructive potential of RI-TCs at landfall, also shows a significant increasing trend due to increases in the annual frequency and mean landfall intensity of landfalling RI-TCs. The increase in mean landfall intensity is related to a higher lifetime maximum intensity(LMI) and the LMI location of the landfalling RI-TCs being closer to the coast. The increase in the annual PDI of East Asia is mainly associated with landfalling TCs in the southern(the Philippines, South China, and Vietnam) and northern parts(Japan and the Korean Peninsula) of East Asia due to long-term changes in vertical wind shear and TC heat potential. The former leads to a northwestward shift of favorable environments for TC genesis and intensification, resulting in the northwestward shift in the genesis, RI, and LMI locations of RI-TCs. The latter provides more heat energy from the ocean for TC intensification, increasing its chances to undergo RI.     

Ecotoxicological effects of a semi-submerged municipal dump (Castle harbour, Bermuda) on the Calico scallop Argopecten gibbus

A biomarker study was undertaken using the Calico scallop Argopecten gibbus to assess the ecotoxicological effects of a semi-submerged municipal dump on the adjacent patch reef lagoon ecosystem (Castle harbour, Bermuda). Caged scallops were deployed in situ for 2 months at various distances from the dump (50 m, 900 m and 2.7 km) and at a reference site (14 km). A suite of biomarkers comprising metallothionein (MT), lipid peroxidation (LPO), vitellin-like proteins (Vn), glutathione S-transferase (GST), DNA strand breaks and condition factor (CF) were investigated in various tissues of the scallop (gill, digestive gland and gonad). Levels of heavy metals were also measured in the whole scallop soft tissue. While there was some variation in response between tissues, in general the results indicated that the dump was negatively impacting scallops deployed in the adjacent marine environment: elevated levels of MT, DNA strand breaks, Vn and GST and reduced condition factor were found for scallops deployed nearest to the dump and at the site 1.5 km from this point source of contamination (Tuckers town) in Castle harbour, with respect to the reference site, North Rock (although this exhibited some degree of metal contamination). The gills from scallops deployed at the dump site were the most responsive tissue, with the highest expression of MT, LPO and DNA damage. This study indicates the potential of the Calico scallop as a convenient bioindicator species in the marine tropical benthos.