火成岩的分类和命名问题

岩石的分类问题,早在岩石成为地质科学中一门独立的学术领域时就引起人们的重视。1897年于彼得堡(今列宁格勒)举行的第七届国际地质会议,对岩石的分类和命名问题曾列入大会议程进行讨论。当时成立了岩石命名国际委员会。1899年,即第八届国际地质会议(1900,巴黎)的前一年,该委员会举行予备会议,会上俄国和法国的一些学者提出了岩石的分类和草案。大会岩石学小组讨论了他们的方案,并且认为在岩石分类中,占首要地位的     

水介质中多金属海水矿瘤砷吸附的研究

本文详细报告了水介质中多金属海水矿瘤吸附砷（Ⅲ）和砷（Ⅴ）的研究结果。海水矿瘤的元素成分主要由铁、锰、硅（含有微量铝）、铜、钴和镍。海水矿瘤对砷（Ⅴ）的吸附取决于水介质的pH值，而砷（Ⅲ）的吸附不受水介质pH值的影响。砷吸附数据大体上符合兰米尔（Langmuir）等温线。砷（Ⅲ）和砷（Ⅴ）的动力学数据满足一种假定的二级动力学模型。海水矿瘤去除砷的效果取决于砷的初始浓度。当水介质中砷（Ⅲ）的初始浓度为0．34mg／L或砷（Ⅴ）的初始浓度为0．78mg／L时，海水矿瘤的最佳剂量为0．74mg／g。砷（Ⅲ）的吸附一般取决于离子环境。除PO4^3-以外，砷（Ⅲ）的吸附不受阴离子的影响，但受阳离子的影响显著。另一方面，砷（Ⅴ）的吸附受阴离子的影响显著，但不受阳离子的影响。试验结果表明，海水矿瘤吸附的砷（Ⅲ）主要为内部结核复合物，而吸附的砷（Ⅴ）为部分内部结核和部分外部结核复合物。当水介质的pH值为2-10时，吸附的砷（Ⅲ）和砷（Ⅴ）的解吸附较小。当水介质的pH值为6或更高时，海水矿瘤能被用于吸附地下水中的砷（Ⅲ）和砷（Ⅴ）物种。海水矿瘤被成功地用于去除采于印度西孟加拉邦的6种受砷污染地下水样中的砷（6种地下水样中砷的浓度范围为0．04-0．18mg／L）。     

长江中下游成矿带成矿规律和成矿模式

长江中下游成矿带作为中国东部重要的成矿带之一,成矿地质条件、成矿规律和成矿模式的相关研究已经十分深入,形成了一系列公认的理论研究成果,本文重点论述了成矿带成矿地质条件和成矿规律方面研究的新进展,并在此基础上构筑了成矿带的成矿模式。本文主要开展了以下总结工作:(1)将成矿带的构造要素突破以往按构造单元分解的做法,确立跨构造单元的"复合构造系统",结合成矿带成岩成矿作用特点,重新确定了长江中下游成矿带的范围,并对成矿亚带进行了重新划分;(2)收集汇总了长江中下游成矿带近年来国内外学者最新的成岩成矿年龄数据,总结了矿床时空分布规律;(3)从地质,地球物理和地球化学等方面,总结归纳了沿基底结合带复活的网状断裂系统,阐明了成矿带的控矿构造格架,分析了长江中下游成矿带的成因规律;(4)补充和完善了断隆区和断凹区的成矿模式,并初步构筑了长江中下游成矿带综合成矿模式。提出长江中下游成矿带内主体成岩成矿作用总体上分为走滑挤压阶段(146~135Ma)、走滑引张阶段(135~126Ma)和拉张伸展阶段(126~123Ma)等三个阶段,古太平洋板块作用导致的壳幔过程,引发含元古代弧岩浆岩源区活化和中生代的构造活化("双活化")是长江中下游成矿带形成的主要机制。     

美国内华达Goldstrike矿区卡林型贝茨金矿同变形的富矿分带(续)

(接第 1期第 1 6页 )3　富矿分带与控制因素贝茨金矿中不同矿石矿物组合和蚀变类型的分布与构造背景、围岩岩石及在矿体中的位置有关。根据形态、矿物组成和地质背景可分出几种空间形式截然不同的矿石类型 ,彼此之间由废石或低含金量的岩石所分隔。富矿体的地球化学、矿物学、地质及冶金方面的分带在三维空间上是连续的。富矿体的形状和定位与 Peters向斜构造的特征 ,沉积岩的岩石组成以及闪长岩接触带的几何形态和厚度有关 (图 6 A,B)。根据对不同的矿石类型和围岩类型的研究结果 ,对不同的富矿体进行了分类和判别。 Pe-ters( 1 996 ,1 9…     

英格兰西南部黄玉花岗岩的岩石成因及成矿意义

晚期富挥发分的黄玉花岗岩广泛而零星地产于英格兰西南部含Sn-Cu多金属矿化的S型黑云母花岗岩岩基中。St.Austell地区的最新观察资料查明了其野外关系，并论证了影响花岗质容矿主岩和沉积岩容矿主岩的电气石化晕的意义。黄玉花岗岩接触带通常以显示出无定向固结结构、具有石英－电气石晶洞的伟晶岩带为标志，较小的侵入黄玉花岗岩岩席在其围岩中具有对称状电气石化晕。黄玉花岗岩矿物组成复杂，除钠长石、正长石和石英外，还含原生黄玉、铁锂云母或锂云母、磷铝锂石以及各种富Nb-Ta的副矿物。在化学成分上，它们与黑云母花岗岩截然不同，特别富Li、F、P、Nb、Ta、Ga、Rb。黑云母花岗岩的晚期分异产物包括电气石花岗岩，但这部分异趋势主要涉及到B的增高，Li、F或P的变化较小我们认为，黄玉花岗岩可能不是由英格兰西南部的黑云母花岗岩浆（被属于黑云母花岗岩岩套的流纹斑岩岩脉所侵入）经结晶分异所派生，而是在钾质基性岩浆作用期间由岩基之下的熔融残留物经有限部分熔融而形成。与其它富挥发分的花岗质岩石的对比表明，英格兰西南部的黄玉花岗岩与锂伟晶岩（如Tanco)、火山玻璃(如Macusani)和其它的黄玉花岗岩（如Seward半岛）具有一些共同的重要特征。这些岩石可能代表一类基本相似的富挥发分花岗岩浆。我们认为它们的形成可能受以前曾产生过更为“正常”花岗岩浆的下地壳熔融残留物的有限部分熔融所控制，尽管目前仍有争议。     

Tectonics induced switching of provenance during the Late Quaternary aggradation of the Indus River Valley,Ladakh, India

The Indus River flows through Ladakh, one of the driest and coldest places on earth, in a tectonically active domain. Fluvial, glaciofluvial, lacustrine and debris dominated sequences represent the Late Quaternary sedimentary record along the river course. Karakoram Fault, a major crustal scaled feature reported to be active during the Quaternary, is associated with the Indus River drainage. Linkages between a major, active fault and deposits formed during the activity period of the fault are explored using heavy mineral deduced provenance and Optically Stimulated Luminescence(OSL) chronology.Five deposits in a ~200 km long stretch of the Indus River have been examined for a ~80 ka period to decipher the climate linked aggradation history. Damming of the Indus River at ~79 ka and existence of the Spituk Lake for >30 ka is demonstrated. Using geology of the provenance in relation to the mineralogical attributes of the Quaternary deposits, the major drainage reorganization when the connection of the Tangtse Valley to the Indus was blocked, is inferred at ~73 ka. It is supported by the geologicalgeomorphological evidence. The study demonstrates the application of provenance linked mineralogy in terrestrial aggradation in a tectonically active region.     

Geochemical characterization of Cretaceous sandstones from the Southern Benue Trough,Nigeria

Geochemical studies of sandstones from the three lithostratigraphic successions in the southern Benue Trough of Nigeria were undertaken for a geochemical characterization of the sandstones, and to assess their strati-graphic and source evolution.Major and trace elements data were obtained from outcrop sandstone samples. The SIO2/Al2O2, Fe2O3/K2O ra-tios and CaO contents have been used to characterize the Cretaceous sandstones into Al-rich and high and low Fe2O3/K2O ratio sandstones. Results indicate that there are geochemical features that display stratigraphic trends across the succession from the Asu River Group, Eze-Aku Group to the proto-Niger Delta succession which may imply a discontinuous evolution from different source terrains of Precambrian and Mesozoic ages that supplied the sediments. The Asu River Group sandstones have lower SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and higher MgO; the Eze-Aku sand-stones have higher TiO2, CaO, alkalis and lower MgO while the proto-Niger Delta sandstones have higher SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and lower alkalis and CaO. These discontinuities signify the influence of tectonic impulses that af-fected the southern Benue Trough during the Cretaceous time. Changes in ratios of TiO2/Al2O3, Fe2O3, Cr and Zr suggest an increasingly mafic contribution to the depositional basin with time. The chemical index of alteration in-creases with time, possibly suggesting that a more intense weathering regime in the hinterland developed with time.     

Lead in food and soil from a mining area in Brazil and human exposure

During the last century, several lead mines and a metal smelter were in production in the Upper Ribeira Valley, southeastern Brazil. After fifty years of activity, the refinery was shut down in November 1995 and, thereafter the last mines in production were closed. Since 1998, a multidisciplinary research group has carried out an ambitious investigation among the population of five municipalities in the Ribeira Valley （sampled population of 472 children and 523 adults） to assess the human exposure to lead. The highest blood lead levels were found among the population of two villages in the vicinity of the smelter where soil and indoor-dust are highly contaminated. During the present study, the lead contents of several food species that are part of local population diet were investigated. Greens, vegetables, corn, chicken eggs and cow milk, were sampled in two occasions, July 2004 and February 2005. The analytical procedures included burning of organic matter, pre-concentration of lead and, finally, determination by AAS using background correction. The quantification limit was 0.05 μg/g Pb. Soil samples were also collected and analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy with a quantification limit of 2 μg/g Pb. The results are very impressing since 100% of greens, vegetables and eggs yielded lead concentrations exceeding the upper limits established by Brazilian regulations whereas milk and maize samples presented lead contents below the regulated limit of 0.05 μg/g Pb. Lead concentrations in soil varied between 156 and 1292 μg/g Pb, resembling the results of previous studies and far exceeding the threshold of 200 μg/g Pb indicated as the intervention value. Lead contents in some species vary consistently with lead concentrations in soils, however, other factors may account for the bioavailability of lead and its intake by plants, like the soil pH, its cationic exchange capacity, clay and organic matter contents, characteristics of the plant species itself, climate, among others.     

中国四川2008年5月12日汶川地震的地质与地球物理背景

2008年5月12日, 在青藏高原东缘的龙门山, 发生了MW7.9地震. 这一地震是在青藏高原长期隆升和向东推挤的背景下形成的. 发生地震的区域有以下典型的地质特征: 不是陡峭山前的活动汇聚造山带(包括地形起伏大于4 km的情况), 而是缺少高活动强度的低角度逆冲断层;虽拥有年轻的高地形(距今15 Ma)和加厚的地壳, 但是却只有低的GPS缩短率(小于3 mm/a), 并且缺少同时代的前陆沉积. 在我们看来, 青藏高原东部下面的地壳加厚不是因为上部地壳的大范围缩短, 而是由于位于软弱层(低速层)中的深部地壳的韧性增厚. 横跨龙门山的晚新生代缩短量可能仅有10～20 km, 且伴有主要造成青藏高原和四川盆地差异抬升的褶皱和断裂. 5月12日的地震可能反映了青藏高原东部相对四川盆地的带有缓慢的汇聚和右旋走滑的长期抬升. 5月12日地震邻区内GPS确定的速率表明, 该地震的平均复发间隔大约为2 000～10 000年.     

Cenozoic Geology of the Kaolan-Yungteng Area of Central Kansu

Although Kansu province is considered to be one of the less exploredregions, yet many excellent geological works had been done in this areaand its vicinities both by foreigners and by Chinese. The most importantand fundamental works were carried out by Obruschey, von Loczy,