Spatial distribution and source apportionment of PAHs in surficial sediments of the Yangtze Estuary, China

Spatial distribution and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface sediments of the Yangtze Estuary, especially the North Branch, have been fully investigated. PAH concentrations increased with the descending distance from the inner estuary to the adjacent sea, and varied significantly in various estuarine regions. Water currents (e.g., river runoff and ocean current) greatly affected the distribution pattern. In addition, ambient sewage and traffic also contributed to the PAH pollution in the estuary. In the adjacent sea, PAH values along the -20m isobath were higher than those along the -10m isobath due to the "marginal filter" phenomenon formed by different water currents. In most sites, PAHs had poor correlations with sediment size, but had positive correlations with total organic carbon. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis results, PAH sources were proved to be mainly from a mixture of petroleum combustion, biomass, and coal combustion.     

Nutrient sources and composition of recent algal blooms and eutrophication in the northern Jiulong River, Southeast China

The natural process of eutrophication is accelerated by human activities worldwide that interrupt nutrient biogeochemical cycles. Three algal bloom events have been monitored in the northern tributary of the Jiulong River since 2009. The inflection points in a robust locally-weighted regression analysis (LOESS) of the relationship between TN and TP concentrations in the river water, and a TN:TP comparison with nutrient source loadings, suggested that both external loading and internal nutrient cycling contributed to these algal blooms. Nutrient release from the sediments may have played an important role in regulating the nutrients in the overlying water column. In particular, excessive nutrient inputs from various sources and ubiquitous river damming caused further accumulation of the nutrient loading. In-situ autochthonous primary production was enhanced in this relatively stable "river" to "lake" water body. Thus, attention must be paid to the effects of river damming and the consequent internal nutrient release.     

Magnetic resonance sounding applied to aquifer characterization

Magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) is distinguished from other geophysical tools used for ground water investigation by the fact that it measures a magnetic resonance signal generated directly from subsurface water molecules. An alternating current pulse energizes a wire loop on the ground surface and the MRS signal is generated; subsurface water is indicated, with a high degree of reliability, by nonzero amplitude readings. Measurements with varied pulse magnitudes then reveal the depth and thickness of water saturated layers. The hydraulic conductivity of aquifers can also be estimated using boreholes for calibration. MRS can be used for both predicting the yield of water supply wells and for interpolation between boreholes, thereby reducing the number of holes required for hydrogeological modeling. An example of the practical application of MRS combined with two-dimensional electrical imaging, in the Kerbernez and Kerien catchments area of France, demonstrates the efficiency of the technique.     

Determination and load of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides at water from Jiulong River Estuary,China

Seventeen organic phosphorus pesticides (OPs) and 18 organic chlorine pesticides (OCs) at water from Jiulong River Estuary (JLRE) are determined by SPE–GC–(FPD and μECD). The contents of the total OPs (17) ranged from 134.8 to 354.6 ng/l (the mean is 227.2 ng/l). Total OCs concentrations varied from 115.4 to 414.7 ng/l in water (mean 237.7 ng/l). The levels of total hexachlorocyclohexane in water varied from 31.95 to 129.8 ng/l (mean 62.51 ng/l), and those of total DDTs were in the range 19.24–96.64 ng/l (mean 48.69 ng/l). The distribution and behavior characteristics of OPs indicate that five main OPs (methamidophos, dichlorvos, malathion, omethoate and dimethoate) occupied the most part of the total OPs, in addition, the sources of the OPs (mainly from current usage) are not stable. While the OCs mainly came from early application and were more stable. The OPs did not have obvious correlation with the dissoved organic carbon and suspended particulate matter at water from JLRE. It maybe due to the complicated hydrological kinetics in the estuary, and the higher water solubility and weak absorption (with organic matter) action of OPs. When compared with other areas, the OPs and OCs level in JLRE are some moderate.     

一次磁层亚暴期间磁场偶极化的尾向传播

利用TC1、Cluster和Polar结合极光和同步高度及地磁的观测,研究了2004年9月14日1730～1930 UT时间段的亚暴偶极化过程.此前行星际磁场持续南向几个小时.亚暴初发(Onset)开始于1823 UT.2 min之后,同步高度的LANL 02A在子夜附近观测到了明显的能量电子增强（Injection）事件,而TC1在1827UT左右在磁尾(-10,-2, 0)RE (GSE)观测到了磁场BX的突然下降,伴随着等离子体压强和温度的突然增加及磁场的强烈扰动.在(-16, 1, 3)RE (GSE) 的Cluster上相同的仪器观测到相同的现象,只是比TC1观测到的晚大约23 min,在1850 UT左右.虽然Polar在更靠近地球的较高纬度(-75, 35, -40)RE (GSE)附近,也在1855 UT左右观测到了这种磁场偶极化现象.以上的观测时序表明TC1、Cluster观测到的磁场偶极化比亚暴偶极化初始发生分别晚4 min和27 min.说明偶极化由近磁尾向中磁尾传播.详细计算表明偶极化源区的位置大约在X=-77RE～-86RE,而传播速度大约为70 km·s-1.在这个事件中亚暴的物理图像可能是中磁尾的近地重联产生的地向高速流到达近磁尾,为近磁尾的亚暴触发创造了条件;亚暴在近磁尾触发之后,磁场偶极化峰面向中磁尾传播.     

低影响发展的雨洪资源调控措施研究现状与展望

低影响发展(Low Impact Development,LID)作为新兴的雨洪资源调控设计策略,对城市雨水资源化利用及生态环境保护具有重要的作用.系统论述了LID的定义、产生背景、设计目标及理念;分析了LID在主要技术措施、设计方法、效果监测、模型模拟等方面的研究进展,归纳总结了LID的优点及局限性;在此基础上,分析了LID的推广及应用前景,指出实地监测、介质试验、模型模拟及其与区域可持续发展的融合研究是目前LID研究的关键问题.国外LID的雨洪资源调控技术和方法对中国城市雨水资源化利用和生态环境保护具有借鉴意义.     

Biological fractionation of Zn isotopes in aquatic invertebrates

Recent advances in analytical instrumentation have made it more feasible to measure isotope ratios of many elements. In particular, modem multicollector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers can measure isotope ratios of many elements with extremely high precision. As a consequence, we can begin to explore biological fractionation in a systematic way and hence develop isotope ratio measurements as a tool to explore the environmental geochemistry of trace metals. In this presentation we will discuss the problems and potential of measuring isotope ratios of zinc in biological samples from systems with non-specific contamination. This will include such issues as the importance of matrix removal to the measurement of valid isotope ratios, mass bias correction and the availability of standard reference materials. Recent data on isotope ratios of Zn in the aquatic invertebrate Mysis relicta will be presented. These animals are of particular interest because they changed their feeding pattern from juveniles to adults. Thus they can be used to test the hypothesis that differences in the isotopic signature of food sources may determine receptor signatures. The data indicate that there are significant differences in signatures at the different life stages. However, the continual uptake and loss of metals over an organism＇s life span may also lead to fractionation.     

多尼戈尔花岗岩类Sm—Nd和Rb—Sr联合同位素体系及推论其岩石成因

采尔兰西北部多尼戈尔偏铝到过铝质花岗岩类岩基，侵位于Dalradian超群绿片岩一角闪岩相变质沉积岩中，年龄约为400Ma。本文提供了该区6个深成岩体的11个样品和唐群纽里杂岩体东北部1个花岗闪长岩样品的Sm-Nd和Rb-Sr同位素资料，主要结果是多尼戈尔岩基的Sr同位素初始比相似（0．7051－0．7068），但初始εNd值变化较大（－1．2到－8．3，纽里杂岩体的初始εNd值为－0．5）。不同的花岗岩具有不同的Nd同位素组成特征，一些岩石含有富轻稀土的古老地壳组分，而另一些岩石含有年轻地壳和（或）幔源岩浆组分。Nd和Sr同位素组成的变化可用一种混合假说解释。     

利用电法勘查浅层冲积含水层：土耳其实例

近地表地球物理勘查技术常用于解决各种地质、工程和环境问题。在本项研究中,通过开展电法测量勘查冲积含水层。研究区位于土耳其伊兹密尔市南部Cubukludag地堑的西南部区域。地球物理勘查方法包括电阻率成像和自然电位（SP）法。通过温纳-施兰贝尔（Wenner—Schlumberger）电极排列方式,沿研究区北部的8个剖面采集电阻率数据,并利用层析成像反演技术进行数据处理。利用梯度法沿16个剖面采集自然电位数据。通过对连续梯度值的求和,计算每个剖面的总自然电位值,随后绘制出总自然电位实测图。通过开展电阻率成像和自然电位勘查清楚地揭示研究区北部地下水饱和带,从而得出有关地下流体运动的有用信息。     

高浑浊内河悬沙浓度的遥感估测:以中国云南金沙江下游支流为例

山区土地利用和土地覆盖变化对水文过程的影响是人们关注的热点,因为它与洪水或干旱等严重的自然灾害有密切关系。一般认为,森林的清除会引起一个地区水沙量的明显增加。但是,要通过在地面进行观测来测算大河流域泥沙流量是十分困难的,特别在山区和人烟稀少地区更是如此。遥感手段为在这些地区收集相关资料和数据提供了一个有效的途径。在这个研究项目中,我们开发出了基于测量在可见光、近红外光波段的遥感反射系数的高浑浊内陆河流悬沙浓度(SSC)预测方法,并采用了中国云南金沙江下游河流SSC的地面观测值和河水反射光谱的数据进行了校准和检验。 我们在2002年6月龙川江的流量和输沙量比较高的时候开展了野外调查,使用了GER—1500手持光谱仪测量河水的反射光谱。SSC的地面观测值采用标准水样过滤法获取。结果表明,地面观测得到的SSC的变化范围为16～13 000g/m~3,其中间