破碎带地层钻探化学凝胶护壁堵漏技术的研究与应用

针对目前大洋钻探钻遇破碎带硬岩地层复杂情况,在总结国内外破碎带地层钻探施工中的主要技术难点与对策的基础上,结合现场施工中的实际情况,分析施工中经常遇到的破碎带地层特点,提出了应用化学凝胶技术解决破碎带地层井下复杂问题的新思路。提出了适用于不同地层温度的化学凝胶体系基本配方,通过正交试验设计,优选出了最佳体系配方,形成一套完善的适合深海钻探用高温树脂凝胶护壁作业规程。     

罗布泊盐湖区深部钾盐找矿：理论、勘查、进展及前景分析

本文对近年来罗布泊深部钾盐成矿规律研究及找矿进展进行了梳理总结.将其大致归纳为"上升卤水补给"及"含水墙"等成钾理论/模式,为罗布泊后备钾资源找矿提供了新的方向和思路,预测了有利成钾靶区.建立以遥感地质解译、高精度重力剖面测量、EH4连续电导率成像以及氡气剖面测量为主的勘查技术体系,实现了盐湖区深部钾盐找矿靶区高效、经济圈定以及钻孔定位.实施深部钾盐科学钻探验证工程,揭示罗布泊深部赋存有丰富、可采的卤水钾盐资源,取得了找矿突破.罗布泊深部钾盐找矿是理论指导找矿取得突破的又一案例,其成矿理论和勘查技术体系可为其他盐湖及古代盐盆地深部卤水钾盐找矿提供借鉴和参考.鉴于罗布泊卤水钾盐的高强度开发态势以及深部找矿的良好前景,有必要进一步加强深部富钾卤水成因机理研究,重点摸清200～500 m层段资源、研发相应开采技术,为罗布泊钾盐基地可持续发展提供后备资源和技术储备.     

稻田CH4的排放规律

通过对我国长江中下游地区、西南地区及华中地区这三大主要水稻区稻田CH_4排放的多年测量,描述了稻田CH_4排放的一般规律及特征。稻田CH_4排放的日变化有三种型式,即下午最大值型式、夜间最大值型式以及下午、夜间双峰型式,导致这三种型式的主要原因是CH_4排放路径的日变化;不同品种水稻的不同生理特性、天气条件会通过改变CH_4排放路径的日变化来改变CH_4排放日变化的型式;随着水稻生长,CH_4排放日变化幅度也会随着变化。 早稻与晚稻稻田CH_4排放的季节变化型式不一致。早稻的CH_4排放一般出现三个排放峰值,其中第一个与第三个峰值是由土壤中CH_4的产生率增加引起的,第二个峰值则是由于CH_4排放路径的畅通引起的。四川地区单季稻CH_4排放的季节变化与早稻比较一致,但是没有第一个排放峰值的出现。引起早、晚稻不同季节变化的原因是水稻生长季节中气温的季节变化。灌溉水状态也能够较大程度的影响稻田CH_4的排放的季节变化。 含SO_4~(2-)的肥料能够降低CH_4的排放,但其作用的大小取决于土壤中有机物质(肥)的数量;施尿素、KCl也能够使CH_4排放降低,但它的降低效应没有有机肥使CH_4排放增大的正效应大,这说明有机肥对CH_4排放的影响很大,而在空气中堆腐过的沼渣肥使稻田CH_4的排放大大降低。不同的施肥使     

内蒙白云鄂博铁矿床中磁铁矿和赤铁矿的氧同位素组成

白云鄂博矿床分布在内蒙地轴北部边缘的过渡带。含矿岩系为元古代海相沉积碳酸盐、碎屑岩建造,主要由石英岩、白云岩和板岩组成,其中白云岩是矿体围岩。 矿床受东西向向斜构造控制。向斜以北为一大背斜构造,沿轴部被断层破坏,出露有古老的片麻岩和片岩。向斜以南的背斜构造轴部有海西期黑云母花岗岩侵入,使背斜构造轴部遭受破坏。     

发酵浒苔对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼生长、非特异性免疫及消化酶活性的影响

浒苔经发酵后按添加比例（0%、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%）分别加入到珍珠龙胆石斑鱼（Epinephelus lanceolatus♂×Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀）基础饲料中配制成6种饲料,用以探讨发酵浒苔对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼生长、肠消化酶活性及血清非特异性免疫力的影响。选用初始平均体质量为（19.16±0.25）g的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼为研究材料,试验周期28 d。结果表明:发酵浒苔能显著影响石斑鱼的增重率（WGR）和特定生长率（SGR）（P<0.05）,且随着发酵浒苔添加水平的升高呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在2%组添加量时显著高于对照组。同时,相比于对照组,各添加组饲料系数（FCR）均有下降,在2%组时显著降低（P<0.05）。添加发酵浒苔可以显著提高血清总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）和酸性磷酸酶（ACP）的活性（P<0.05）,但对溶菌酶（LZM）和酚氧化酶（PO）活性影响差异不显著（P>0.05）。在添加组中,淀粉酶、脂肪酶以及胰蛋白酶活性均得到了显著提高（P<0.05）,添加水平在2%~3%时效果最好。综合发酵浒苔对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的作用效果可以看出,发酵浒苔可以明显促进其生长,提高非特异性免疫力及肠道中消化酶活力,建议发酵浒苔在饲料中添加量为2%左右。     

中国西部冰川对近期气候变暖的响应*

中国冰川主要分布在青藏高原及周边地区,在这一广大的区域内分布有冰川46377条。研究表明,中国西部变暖显著,1950年代以来平均气温上升0.2℃/10a,其中1990年代是近千年中最暖的10年;同时,1950s以来西北各省的降水量增加了约18 ％ 。为认识这一气候变化对中国西部冰川的影响,利用遥感和地理信息系统方法,获取了近50a来5000多条冰川的变化状况。结果表明,中国西部82.2 ％ 的冰川处于退缩状态,冰川面积减少了4.5 ％ ,同时也有一些冰川处于前进状态。此外,近数十年中国西部冰川变化表现出明显的区域差异,青藏高原中部和西北部地区的冰川相对稳定,而高原周边山区的冰川物质亏损严重,处于加速退缩状态。     

Cytological studies on neurosecretory cell of the X-organ in Scylla serrata

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A study on the flora of woody plants of Shanxi and the relationship among the flora of Shanxi and some regions, China

There are 463 species of woody plant, belonging to 166 genera and 70 families in Shanxi, North China. The floristic composition types of genera and species are abundant, in which the compositions distributed in temperate zones (including North Temperate, Old World Temperate and Temperate Asia), having 62 genera, are dominant and account for 38.27% in total genera (except for Cosmopolitan), and they are major constructive or dominant species of vegetation in Shanxi. The floristic compositions of woody plants of Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Shandong, Henan, Jiangxi and Inner Mongolia were studied comparatively by using diversity index, principal component analysis (PCA) and group-average clustering, respectively. The floristic composition of Shanxi was considerably similar to that of Hebei, Beijing and Shandong because they shared a lot of genera, specially genera distributed in temperate regions, such as Rosa, Quercus, Populus, Salix, Acer, Ulmus, Pinus etc. and their eco-environment were considerably similar. However, the flora of Shanxi was comparatively different from that of Henan, Jiangxi and Inner Mongolia by reason that there were distinct differences among their eco-geographic conditions, floristic compositions and constructive or dominant species of dominant vegetation types. Supported by Shanxi Returned Oversea Scholar Foundation, China     

The performance of grass filter strips in controlling high‐concentration suspended sediment from overland flow under rainfall/non‐rainfall conditions

There is little information on the performance of vegetative filter strips (VFS) in filtering high‐concentration sediment from subcritical overland flow. Flume experiments on simulated grass strips were conducted using combinations of three slope gradients (3°, 9° and 15°), five 1‐m‐wide slope positions (from upslope to downslope), two flow rates (60 and 20 L min^‐1 m^‐1) and sediment concentrations of 100–300 kg m^‐3 under simulated rainfall and non‐rainfall conditions. The results showed that sediment deposition efficiency increased with VFS width as a power function. Rainfall significantly reduced sediment deposited within VFS. Higher sediment concentration corresponded to a larger sediment deposition load but reduced deposition efficiency. Flow rate had a negative effect on deposition efficiency but no effect on deposition load. Sediments were more easily deposited at the upper slope position than downslope, and the upper slope position had a higher percentage of coarse sediments. The deposited sediment had significantly greater median diameters (D₅₀) than the inflow sediment. A greater proportion of coarse sediments larger than 25 µm in diameter were deposited, and particles smaller than 1 µm and of 10–25 µm had a better deposition performance than particles of 1–10 µm. Rainfall reduced the deposited sediment D₅₀ at a slope gradient of 3° and had no significant influence on it at 9° or 15°. A higher sediment concentration led to a smaller D₅₀ of the deposited sediment. Rainfall had no significant effect on overland flow velocity. Both the deposited sediment load and D₅₀ decreased with increasing flow velocity, and flow velocity was the most sensitive factor impacting sediment deposition. The results from this study should be useful to control sediment flowing into rivers in areas with serious soil erosion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

稻田土壤中甲烷产生率的实验研究

本实验旨在研究稻田土壤中甲烷产生率对稻田CH_4排放的影响.观测结果表明:土壤各深度的甲烷产生率有很大的变化范围(1—4639ng·h~(-1)·g~(-1)d.w.).主要的甲烷产生区域是7—17cm深的土壤层,其中以13cm深的土壤层上的生成速率最大.土壤中甲烷产生率与稻田CH_4排放率在水稻生长的某些阶段有较好的相关性,但它的季节变化却不能与排放的季节变化完全耦合.在水稻生长期,土壤中甲烷产生率随时间而增大,并在8月份水稻收割前达到最大,其日平均值在38—767 ng·h~(-1)·g~(-1)d.w.间变动.稻田土壤中甲烷产生率也存在日变化,一般在下午达到最大值,但却没有发现它与土壤温度有明显的相关关系.在不同施肥及水稻品种的稻田土壤中也观测到不同的甲烷产生率.在土壤中产生的甲烷最多只有28.8％被排放到大气中,而其余多于71.2％的则被氧化在土壤中.