土地利用与覆被变化对巢湖湖滨带土壤有机碳组分及酶活性的影响

为了揭示湖滨带土地利用与覆被改变对土壤有机碳库及生态功能的影响,本文选取了巢湖湖滨带（北岸）9个典型样方,分析和比较了表层（0~30 cm）土壤有机碳组分特征以及相关酶的活性.结果表明,巢湖湖滨带不同采样点土壤总有机碳（TOC）含量变化范围为2.88~11.2 g/kg,平均含量为9.12 g/kg,其中原生芦苇（Phragmites australis）湿地土壤TOC含量最高（11.2 g/kg）,而芦苇群落消失后形成的荒滩土壤TOC含量最低,仅为2.88 g/kg.表征湖滨带湿地缓冲性能的土壤阳离子交换量（CEC）也以原生芦苇湿地土壤为最高,并与TOC含量呈现明显正相关.湖滨带表层土壤溶解性有机碳（DOC）和易氧化有机碳（EOC）含量变化范围分别为150~370 mg/kg和1.7~5.2 g/kg,其变化幅度明显高于TOC,其中DOC含量各采样点差异最为显著.除多酚氧化酶外,次生水柳林（Homonoia riparia Lour.）表层土壤几种酶的活性较原生芦苇湿地土壤皆有所上升,特别是蔗糖酶活性增加幅度最为明显.受人类活动干扰较大的湖滨绿地公园和人工草滩土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶酶活性普遍显著低于原生芦苇湿地.除多酚氧化酶外,土壤中几种酶活性与土壤有机碳组分EOC和DOC含量均呈现显著的正相关,其中蔗糖酶活性与DOC含量之间相关系数最高（r=0.907）,其相关性均达到极显著水平.土壤溶解性有机碳和蔗糖酶可以作为表征因土地利用与覆被变化导致湖滨带湿地退化以及生态恢复效果的敏感性指标.     

Feasibility of Deep Nutrients Delivery into a Prince William Sound Beach for the Bioremediation of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

Delivery of dissolved chemicals to potentially bioremediate oil from the Exxon Valdez oil spill was investigated at Smith Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska. Two transects for tracer application were installed: one at a clean area and another at an oiled area. Tracer delivery occurred under ambient pressure through manifolds. Lithium in LiBr/sea water solution was the inert tracer, and the solution (82.6 mg/L of lithium) was released at a flow rate of 0.23 L/min for 58.5 h. While maintaining the flow rate, the solution was switched to sea water (i.e., 0.0 mg/L of lithium) for 16 h. The results show that the tracer moved landward with rising tides and seaward with falling tides. The plume got deeper moving landward and shallower moving seaward of the manifold. Thus, in situations where oil biodegradation is limited by the availability of nutrients or oxygen, applying these chemicals by this technique would allow them to reach entrapped oil seaward of the manifold from below. The seaward plume traveling speed (around 2.0 m/d) suggests that this technique is logistically feasible from a hydraulic point of view.     

State of water molecules and silanol groups in opal minerals: a near infrared spectroscopic study of opals from Slovakia

Recently, near infrared spectroscopy in combination with double derivative technique has been effectively used by Christy (Vib Spectrosc 54:42–49, 2010) to study and differentiate between free and hydrogen bonded silanol groups on silica gel surface. The method has given some insight into the type of functionalities, their location in silica gel samples, and the way the water molecules bind onto the silanol groups. The important information in this respect comes from the overtones of the OH groups of water molecules hydrogen-bonded to free silanol groups, and hydrogen-bonded silanol groups absorbing in the region 5,500–5,100 cm⁻¹. Chemically, opal minerals are hydrated silica and the same approach was adapted to study the state of water molecules, silanol functionalities, and their locations in opal samples from Slovakia. Twenty opal samples classified into CT and A classes and one quartz sample were used in this work. The samples were crushed using a hydraulic press and powderized. Each sample was then subjected to evacuation process to remove surface-adsorbed water at 200°C, and the near infrared spectrum of each sample was measured using a Perkin Elmer NTS FT-NIR spectrometer equipped with a transflectance accessory and a DTGS detector. The samples were also heated to 750°C to remove the hydrogen-bonded silanol groups on the surface to reveal their locality. Second derivative profiles of the near infrared reflectance spectra were obtained using the instrument’s software and used in the detailed analysis of the samples. The analysis of the near infrared spectra and their second derivative profiles had the aim in finding relationships between the surface chemical structure and the classification of opal samples. The dry opal samples were also tested for their surface adsorption effectivity toward water molecules. The results indicate that the opal samples contain (1) surface-adsorbed water, (2) free and hydrogen-bonded silanol groups on the surface, (3) trapped water molecules in the bulk, and (4) free and hydrogen-bonded silanol groups in the cavity surfaces in the bulk. A part of the water molecules in the bulk of opal minerals are found as free molecules and the rest are found in hydrogen-bonded state to either free or vicinal or geminal silanol groups.     

聊城市东阿岩溶水系统水化学特征研究

针对地下水水化学环境恶化的现象,分析研究东阿岩溶水系统典型监测点多年水质动态变化资料,并对系统内2015年枯水期、丰水期主要水化学指标的分布、变化规律进行了分析对比,结果表明:多年来TDS位于400~700 mg/L之间,总硬度变化不显著,降雨补给是导致离子含量变化的重要因素;2015年东阿岩溶水系统内水质类型以HCO_3-Ca型为主,枯丰水期离子运移规律大致相同,部分监测点存在污染问题,离子含量因污染现象发生明显改变;丰水期TDS含量高于枯水期TDS含量,排泄区TDS浓度偏高,对居民饮水安全造成一定影响。     

GNSS/INS多传感器组合高速铁路轨道测量系统

高速铁路轨道必须保持高平顺性、高稳定性和高可靠性,这直接关系到高速列车高速、安全且平稳运行。高速铁路轨道测量至少包括控制测量、线路测量和变形测量等工作。传统高速铁路轨道测量方法存在测量周期长、维护成本高、检测效率低等问题。为此,本文提出了一种基于全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)/惯性导航系统(inertial navigation system,INS)多传感器组合的高速铁路轨道测量方法,并研制了相应的轨道测量系统。本文详细介绍了其主要构成和方法流程,并在实际高速铁路轨道精调工程中进行了应用示范。结果表明:该系统实现了轨道路基变形监测和高速铁路轨道不平顺绝对测量与相对测量的一体化,其轨道横向偏差精度2 mm、垂向偏差精度2 mm,变形点水平方向精度1 mm、垂直方向精度1.5 mm,显著提高了测量效率。     

Evolution of Anisotropic Coal Permeability Under the Effect of Heterogeneous Deformation of Fractures

Natural Resources Research - Permeability is one of the key parameters to better understand the processes of coalbed methane mining and carbon dioxide geological storage. As a unique porous medium,...     

商洛山区农业气候条件与洋芋高产栽培技术

应用商州、丹凤、商南和柞水等4县市农技部门1996年至1999年9个点试验、示范数据分析，摸索出了适应商洛山区气候特点的洋芋优种防退化、垄沟覆膜早播和科管配方施肥三项洋芋高产栽培新技术，为提高山区洋芋产量及商品率提供了科学依据，增产效益显。