带微处理器的自动校时数字钟

本文就目前地震台站普遍使用的小规模CMOS电路构成的数字钟元件多、可靠性不高等缺点,提出以INTEL 51系列单片机为核心构成的具有自动校对功能的数字钟,本系统硬件结构简单,系统可靠性强,并可自动根据BMP信号校时,操作简便且精度高。     

A land surface model (IAP94) for climate studies Part II: Implementation and preliminary results of coupled model with IAP GCM

The Institute of Atmospheric Physics Land Surface Model (IAP94) has been incorporated into the IAP two-level atmospheric general circulation model (IAP GCM). Global and regional climatology averaged over the last 25 years of 100 year integrations from the IAP GCM with and without IAP94 (“bucket” scheme) is compared. The simulated results are also compared with the reanalysis data. Major findings are:(1) The IAP GCM simulation without IAP94 has extensive regions of warmer than observed surface air tempera?tures, while the simulation with IAP94 very much improves the surface air temperature.(2) The IAP GCM simulation with IAP94 gives improvement of the simulated precipitation pattern and intensity, especially the precipitation of East Asian summer monsoon and its intraseasonal migration of the rainbelts.(3) In five selected typical regions, for most of the surface variables such as surface air temperature, precipitation, precipitation minus evaporation, net radiation, latent heat flux and sensible heat flux, the IAP GCM with IAP94 pro?vides better simulations.     

南极长城站和中山站辐射特征的研究

对南极长城站和中山站1993～1994年辐射资料的分析表明:两站辐射分量的季节变化特征基本相似。但由于气候状况的差异,长城站到达地面的总辐射和吸收辐射分别为中山站的51%和42%。极昼期间（11～1月）中山站总辐射和紫外辐射总量均超过了青藏高原夏季（6～8月）的总量,两站净辐射夏半年为正,冬半年为负,显示出南极绿洲的辐射气候特点。     

大气低频遥相关及其水平传播机制的解析研究

（１）利用大气对流层中部无辐散层的存在,垂直积分热力学方程,并对整个对流层的距平加热场作解析近似的描写,联立涡度方程,得到最非绝热地转的２５０ｈＰａ距平流函数方程。它的形式酷似正压涡度方程。（２）讨论了罗斯贝波列的谱平均相速和群速。证明了气候平均高度场的闭合中心,就是中高纬度大气低频振子。其两侧位相变化相反,它的能源主要来自ＣＩＳＫ凝结正反馈或海温的感热。（３）导出了低频相关射线公式,它表明低频射     

Geochronology and Geochemistry of Ore-related Granitoids in the Giant Gariatong Rb Deposit, Tibet and Implications for Rb Metallogeny in China

Rubidium (Rb) deposits mostly occur in the South China and Central Asia orogenic belts and are often closely associated with highly differentiated granites. This study investigates a newly-discovered giant Rb deposit at Gariatong in the Central Lhasa terrane in Tibet. Detailed field studies and logging data revealed that the Rb mineralization mainly occurs in monzogranite and is related to greisenization. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircon yielded ages of 19.1 ± 0.2 Ma and 19.0 ± 0.2 Ma for greisenized monzogranite and fresh monzogranite, respectively. The monzogranites are characterized as strongly peraluminous, with high contents of SiO2, Al2O3, K2O and Na2O as well as a high differentiation index. They are enriched in light rare earth and large ion lithophile elements with signi?cant negative Eu anomalies and depleted high field-strength elements. Petrological and geochemical features of these ore-related monzogranites suggest that they are highly fractionated S-type granites, derived from remelting of crustal materials in a post-collisional setting. The geochemistry of zircon and apatite points to a low oxygen fugacity of the ore-related monzogranite during the magma’s evolution. The discovery of the Gariatong Rb deposit suggests that the Central Lhasa terrane may be an important region for rare metal mineralization.     

大姚、民乐-山丹地震前的中短期前兆

利用川滇及青藏块体北缘地区上世纪80年代至2003年的跨断层流动形变观测资料，借助应变强度比时序曲线，通过丽江Ms7．0、景泰Ms5．9等震例研究，获取与2003年7月大姚Ms6．2、Ms6．1地震和10月民乐-山丹Ms6．1地震孕育有关的中短期前兆异常。分析表明：①大姚、民乐-山丹地震前1年内异常场地数远超过场地总数的1／3，相对近源区异常在发震地区占一半；②大姚Ms6．2地震前半年内，盐源-丽江地块及其邻近区域以及北东向延伸的川滇交界地区异常明显增多，相对集中。2003年7～9月大幅减弱；而鲜水河断裂、楚雄-通海断裂南段有所增强；③民乐-山丹震前十余天至数月内相对近源区及其邻近构造区域呈现异常相对分散-相对集中且局部增强-一临震前减弱的时空演变特征。震后一个月内青藏块体北缘地区仍有近1／3的场地呈现异常(海原一六盘山断裂带尤为突出)。     

Three-dimensional scour below offshore pipelines in steady currents

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on three-dimensional scour below offshore pipelines subject to steady currents. The major emphasis of the investigation is on the scour propagation velocity along the pipeline after the scour initiation. Physical experiments were conducted to quantify the effects of various parameters on scour propagation velocity along the pipeline in a water flume of 4 m wide, 2.5 m deep and 50 m long. Local scour depths directly below the model pipeline were measured using specifically developed conductivity scour probes. Effects of various parameters such as pipeline embedment depth, incoming flow Shields parameter and flow incident angle (relative to the pipeline) on scour propagation velocity along the pipeline were investigated. It was found that scour propagation velocity generally increases with the increase of Shields parameter but decreases with the increase of the pipeline embedment depth. A general predictive formula for scour propagation velocity is proposed and validated against the experimental results.     

A complex variable solution for stress and displacement field around a lined circular tunnel at great depth

By applying the series expansion technique in the complex variable method established by Muskhelishvili, the plane elasticity problem for the stress and displacement field around a lined circular tunnel in conjunction with the consideration of misfit and interaction between the liner and the surrounding geomaterial is dealt with. The tunnel is assumed to be driven in a homogeneous and isotropic geomaterial. The coefficients in the Laurent series expansion of the stress functions are determined. The complex potentials in the liner and the surrounding geomaterial are explicitly derived, respectively. As an example, the case of a lined circular tunnel located in an isotropic initial stress field but subjected to uniform internal pressure is numerically considered. Numerical results indicate that the installation of tunnel liner can reduce the influences of the tunnel excavation on the in situ displacement and stress fields. However, the relative thickness and rigidity of the liner should be in an appropriate range. In addition, the effect of the tunnel excavation upon the displacement field is more significant than that upon the stress field. As far as the stress field in the surrounding geomaterial is concerned, when the ratio between the cover depth of tunnel and the tunnel radius is larger than 5, the results for the stress field in the paper are applicable. When the ratio between the tunnel depth and the tunnel radius is larger than 20, the results are applicable for the displacement field. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DNA barcode assessment of Ceramiales (Rhodophyta) in the intertidal zone of the northwestern Yellow Sea

A total of 142 specimens of Ceramiales(Rhodophyta) were collected each month from October 2011 to November 2012 in the intertidal zone of the northwestern Yellow Sea. These specimens covered 21 species,14 genera,and four families. Cluster analyses show that the specimens had a high diversity for the three DNA markers,namely,partial large subunit r RNA gene(LSU),universal plastid amplicon(UPA),and partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene(COI). No intraspecific divergence was found in our collection for these markers,except for a 1–3 bp divergence in the COI of Ceramium kondoi,Symphyocladia latiuscula,and Neosiphonia japonica. Because short DNA markers were used,the phylogenetic relationships of higher taxonomic levels were hard to evaluate with poor branch support. More than half species of our collection failed to find their matched sequences owing to shortage information of DNA barcodes for macroalgae in Gen Bank or BOLD(Barcode of Life Data) Systems. Three specimens were presumed as H eterosiphonia crispella by cluster analyses on DNA barcodes assisted by morphological identification,which was the first record in the investigated area,implying that it might be a cryptic or invasive species in the coastal area of northwestern Yellow Sea. In the neighbor-joining trees of all three DNA markers,H eterosiphonia japonica converged with D asya spp. and was distant from the other Heterosiphonia spp.,implying that H. japonica had affinities to the genus Dasya. The LSU and UPA markers amplified and sequenced easier than the COI marker across the Ceramiales species,but the COI had a higher ability to discriminate between species.     

Spatio-seasonal patterns of fish diversity,Haizhou Bay,China

Spatial-seasonal patterns in fish diversity in Haizhou Bay were studied based on stratified random surveys conducted in 2011.Principal component analysis was conducted to distinguish different diversity components,and the relationships among 11 diversity indices were explored.Generalized additive models were constructed to examine the environmental effects on diversity indices.Eleven diversity indices were grouped into four components:(1) species numbers and richness,(2) heterogeneous indices,(3) evenness,and(4) taxonomic relatedness.The results show that diversity indices among different components are complementary.Spatial patterns show that fish diversity was higher in coastal areas,which was affected by complex bottom topography and spatial variations of water mass and currents.Seasonal trends could be best explained by the seasonal migration of dominant fish species.Fish diversity generally declined with increasing depth except for taxonomic distinctness,which increased with latitude.In addition,bottom temperature had a significant effect on diversity index of richness.These results indicate that substrate complexity and environmental gradients had important influences on fish diversity patterns,and these factors should be considered in fishery resource management and conservation.Furthermore,diversity in two functional groups(demersal/pelagic fishes) was influenced by different environmental factors.Therefore,the distribution of individual species or new indicators in diversity should be applied to examine spatio-seasonal variations in fish diversity.