延吉盆地多期不整合面的形成及其油气地质意义

延吉盆地是一个后期改造较为强烈的断陷盆地。应用地震、地质、测井资料识别出延吉盆地中存在6个较大的不整合面,它们以角度不整合和超覆不整合2种类型为主。分析认为,燕山Ⅰ、Ⅱ幕运动形成了盆地雏形,燕山Ⅳ幕运动则使盆地回返,此期出现大量高岭石（40%）,表明其与大气水淋滤等有关。短暂沉降后（龙井组）,燕山运动晚期（Ⅴ幕）发生的又一次大规模以南北挤压为主的构造运动,导致南北两翼抬起幅度巨大,剥蚀厚度超过700 m,盆地中部剥蚀厚度大约为300 m。不整合面是划分三大构造层（前断陷期、断陷期、坳陷期）的依据。其早白垩世铜佛寺组和大砬子组间的整合关系利于油气的生成。不整合面既可改善储集体的渗透性,又是形成油气二次运移的良好通道。初步预测与不整合有关的油气藏（侵蚀残丘、地层超覆不整合、断层坡折）可作为下一步勘探的目标。     

泥石流排导结构耦合磨损随机过程建模及分析

泥石流排导结构对于减轻泥石流对周围建筑物的损毁起到了显著作用,但目前大多数排导结构难以抵御泥石流的强烈侵蚀磨损和周围环境恶劣时伴随产生的腐蚀磨损。首先,通过分析泥石流排导结构侵蚀和腐蚀磨损机理,应用相关磨损量计算公式,提出了考虑侵蚀和腐蚀的泥石流排导结构耦合磨损计算公式。然后,以此为基础,针对磨损过程的动态性和随机性,建立了泥石流排导结构耦合磨损随机过程模型,推导了任意时刻磨损量的分布函数,实现了评估泥石流排导结构的动态可靠性和概率失效时间。最后,通过具体算例分析验证了模型的实用性,可为今后泥石流排导结构的磨损定量评估提供理论参考。     

Modifying the intensity distribution by assessing the reliability

This article presents an application of a procedure to modify the intensity distribution by assessing the reliability. There are two potential possibilities that may influence the intensity distribution: (1) For the interpolation error, we generate a measured grid across the calculation region. When the point to station spacing is <5 km, we consider the results precise; however, some points have less precision because these are farther from the corresponding stations. When the spacing is between 5 and 50 km, we consider the results imprecise and define a reliability factor that correlates with the distance. (2) Some records may have errors that result from local site conditions, equipment problems, or some disturbance such as lightning stroke, which will lead to some grid points having an incorrect intensity. We regress the attenuation relation for sites with abnormal intensities and consider the results to be accurate when the standard deviation (STD) is <σ and inaccurate when the STD is > 2σ. We then define a reliability factor to correlate with STD between σ and 2σ, such that the intensity distribution is in accord with both wave propagation theory and the investigation intensity.     

Preface to the special issue on Earthquake early warning system and rapid seismic instrumental intensity report

In the past several years, from May 12, 2008 Wenchuan MW8.0 earthquake in China to March 11, 2011 off the Pacific coast of Northeastern MW9.0 earthquake in Japan,the world witnessed catastrophic disasters caused by destructive earthquakes. The earthquake posed a great threat to the development of society and economy, especially in the developing countries such as China. In order to reduce the losses in peoples life and properties in maximum possibilities, there were a lots of technologies had been researched and developed, among them the earthquake early warning system(EEWS) and rapid seismic instrumental intensity report(RSIIP) are the two of the state-of-the-art technologies for the purpose. They may be used to minimize property damage and loss of life and to aid emergency response after a destructive earthquake.     

大型地下洞室对穿预应力锚索失效形式与耦合模型

以锦屏二级水电站地下厂房与主变室之间中隔墙的多根对穿预应力锚索失效实例为背景,首先总结对穿预应力锚索失效的多种现场表现形式,采用现场取证和室内试验再现的方式论证锚索钢绞线断裂的拉破坏模式。将对穿锚索视为弹脆性体,被锚固围岩视为黏弹性体,提出描述对穿预应力锚索与被锚固围岩之间相互作用关系的锚索-围岩耦合元件模型,并据此分别阐明在洞室开挖卸荷阶段和围岩时效变形阶段中预应力锚索的力学响应机制和荷载变化规律。最后,在现场调研、室内试验和机制分析基础上,综合分析导致锦屏二级水电站地下厂房与主变室之间对穿锚索失效的主要原因,并探讨对穿预应力锚索与被锚固围岩之间对立统一的矛盾关系以及大型洞室群预应力锚索支护时机问题。     

四川盆地区表层土壤湿度时空变化特征分析

分析常年土壤干湿状况及其影响因子,是监测评价四川盆地区土壤水分变化的基础,有利于农业干旱防灾减灾.利用四川盆地区农业气象站近17年0～20cm的逐旬土壤湿度观测资料,运用旋转正交函数分解(RE-OF)、相关分析、趋势倾向率分析等方法,对四川盆地区表层土壤相对湿度的时空变化特征进行分析,并分区域选取代表站建立表层土壤湿度与气温、降水量、日照时数的多元回归方程.结果表明,盆地表层土壤相对湿度空间分布大致是从南到北逐渐减小;年际变化呈现弱的上升趋势;常年季节变化呈双峰型特点,秋季高,春季低,夏季波动明显,初夏高盛夏低;表层土壤干湿状况总体呈现出冬春季相对偏干、夏秋季相对偏湿的季节变化.盆地表层土壤湿度变化与气温、日照显著负相关,与降水显著正相关性,气温、日照、降水因子分别对盆地东北部、中南部、西北部表层土壤湿度变化影响大.     

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Inorganic carbon parameters responding to summer hypoxia outside the Changjiang Estuary and the related implications

The eutrophication, hypoxia and coastal acidification are attracting more and more attention. In this study, inorganic carbon parameters, including dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA) and calculated partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂), obtained from a summer cruise in August, 2009, were used to investigate their integrated response to biological processes accompanying the oxygen depletion in the areas off the Changjiang Estuary. According to the observations, the typical hypoxia occurred in the bottom water just outside the Changjiang Estuary with Dissolved Oxygen (DO) lower than 2.00 mg L^?1. The biological uptake in the surface water and the decomposition of organic matter in the bottom water were fully coupled with each other. The high concentration of Chl_a (Chl_a = 10.9 μg L^?1) and DO (9.25 mg L^?1), profoundly decreased DIC concentration (1828 μmol kg^?1) and elevated pH (8.42) was observed in the surface water. The correspondingly increased DIC and depletion of oxygen were observed in the bottom water. The semi-quantitative analysis proved that the locally-produced phytoplankton, determined by primary productivity, was deposited to the bottom and contributed about 76% of total amount of the organic carbon decomposition in the bottom. However, in the bottom hypoxia (DO = 2.05 mg L^?1) area observed in the Southern Zhejiang coastal water, the responding patterns of inorganic carbon parameters deviated from the previous one. The expanding of Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW), the adding of Hangzhou Bay water (with high DIC concentration) and Coastal Current together modify the DIC background value in this area, and the local degeneration and upwelling process may also help to offset the local DIC removed by net biological uptake in surface water. In addition, when the mixing occurring in autumn, which may break the summer stratification, the excess release of high DIC in the bottom water to the subsurface water could have an important influence on coastal acidification and the CO₂ uptake capacity in this area.     

Vegetation cover variation in the Qilian Mountains and its response to climate change in 2000–2011

An understanding 0f variati0ns in vegetati0n c0ver in resp0nse t0 climate change is critical f0r predicting and managing future terrestrial ec0system dynamics. Because scientists anticipate that m0untain ec0systems will be m0re sensitive t0 future climate change c0mpared t0 0thers, 0ur 0bjectives were t0 investigate the impacts 0f climate change 0n variati0n in vegetati0n c0ver in the Qilian M0untains （QLM）, China, between 2000 and 2011. T0 acc0mplish this, we used linear regressi0n techniques 0n 250-m MODIS N0rmalized Difference Vegetati0n Index （NDVI） datasets and mete0r0l0gical rec0rds t0 determine spati0temp0ral variability in vegetati0n c0ver and climatic fact0rs （i.e. temperature and precipitati0n）. Our results sh0wed that temperatures and precipitati0n have increased in this regi0n during 0ur study peri0d. In additi0n, we f0und that gr0wing seas0n mean NDVI was mainly distributed in the vertical z0ne fr0m 2,700 m t0 3,600 m in elevati0n. In the study regi0n, we 0bserved significant p0sitive and negative trends in vegetati0n c0ver in 26.71% and 2.27% 0f the vegetated areas. C0rrelati0n analyses indicated that rising precipitati0n fr0m May t0 August was resp0nsible f0r increased vegetati0n c0ver in areas with p0sitive trends in gr0wing seas0n mean NDVI. H0wever, there was n0 similar significant c0rrelati0n between gr0wing seas0n mean NDVI and precipitati0n in regi0ns where vegetati0n c0ver declined thr0ugh0ut 0ur study peri0d. Using spatial statistics, we f0und that veeetati0n c0ver freauentlvdeclined in areas within the 2,500-3,100 m vertical z0ne, where it has steep sl0pe, and is 0n the sunny side 0f m0untains. Here, the p0sitive influences 0f increasing precipitati0n c0uld n0t 0ffset the drier c0nditi0ns that 0ccurred thr0ugh warming trends. In c0ntrast, in higher elevati0n z0nes （3,900-4,500 m） 0n the shaded side 0f the m0untains, rising temperatures and increasing precipitati0n impr0ved c0nditi0ns f0r vegetati0n gr0wth. Increased precipitati0n als0 facilitated vegetati0n gr0wth in areas experiencing warming trends at l0wer elevati0ns （2,000-2,400 m） and 0n l0wer sl0pes where water was m0re easily c0nserved. We suggest that spatial differences in variati0n in vegetati0n as the result 0f climate change depend 0n l0cal m0isture and thermal c0nditi0ns, which are mainly c0ntr0lled by t0p0graphy （e.g. elevati0n, aspect, and sl0pe）, and 0ther fact0rs, such as l0cal hydr0l0gy.     

北部湾墨西哥湾扇贝形态性状与闭壳肌质量的关系

为寻找墨西哥湾扇贝中对其闭壳肌重量影响最显著的形态学特征,在整个扇贝的生长过程中,每一个月测一次壳高(mm)、壳宽(mm)、铰合线长(mm)、体质量(g)和闭壳肌质量(g),每一轮的样本采集量为60,通过通径分析研究这些形态学特征对闭壳肌质量的影响。结果显示,根据各形态学特征对闭壳肌质量的直接的、间接的、总路径的贡献,发现体质量的影响是最显著的(p<0.01),其他的形态学特征如壳高、壳宽和铰合线长对于闭壳肌生长既不限制也不促进。