Revealing Mars’ deep interior: Future geodesy missions using radio links between landers, orbiters, and the Earth

In the frame of a comparison between Earth, Venus, and Mars, a vision on future geodesy missions to Mars is discussed with particular focus on furthering our understanding of the interior, rotation, and orientation of this terrestrial planet. We explain how radioscience instruments can be used to observe the rotation and orientation and therewith to study the deep interior of Mars and its global atmosphere dynamics. Transponders in X-band and Ka-band are proposed with radio links between a lander or a rover and an orbiter around Mars and/or directly to the Earth. The radio budget links are studied in the frame of possible mission constraints and simulations are performed, which show that important information on the interior of Mars can be obtained from the radioscience data. From the observation of Mars’ orientation in space and of tidal effects on a spacecraft orbiting around Mars we show that it is possible for instance to constrain the dimension and composition of the core, the percentage of light element within the core, and to determine the presence of a pressure-induced mineral-phase transition at the bottom of the mantle.     

A Snapshot of the Sun Near Solar Minimum: The Whole Heliosphere Interval

We present an overview of the data and models collected for the Whole Heliosphere Interval, an international campaign to study the three-dimensional solar?Cheliospheric?Cplanetary connected system near solar minimum. The data and models correspond to solar Carrington Rotation 2068 (20 March??C?16 April 2008) extending from below the solar photosphere, through interplanetary space, and down to Earth??s mesosphere. Nearly 200 people participated in aspects of WHI studies, analyzing and interpreting data from nearly 100 instruments and models in order to elucidate the physics of fundamental heliophysical processes. The solar and inner heliospheric data showed structure consistent with the declining phase of the solar cycle. A closely spaced cluster of low-latitude active regions was responsible for an increased level of magnetic activity, while a highly warped current sheet dominated heliospheric structure. The geospace data revealed an unusually high level of activity, driven primarily by the periodic impingement of high-speed streams. The WHI studies traced the solar activity and structure into the heliosphere and geospace, and provided new insight into the nature of the interconnected heliophysical system near solar minimum.     

Small-scale, high-precision and high-accuracy determination of Poisson’s ratios in cohesive marine sediments

Poisson’s ratio (static) appears as a parameter in models of soft-sediment geomechanical processes such as gas bubble formation and bioturbation, and in a number of practical applications, including acoustic imaging, but is rarely measured in soft near-surface (upper 20 cm) marine sediments. A new uniaxial apparatus was developed to assess Poisson’s ratios of cylindrical samples of soft cohesive sediments under finite-strain, unconfined, undrained conditions. No constraining membrane around the sample is necessary in the instrument. By monitoring the fluid level in a capillary, changes in sample volume can be determined to high precision (reproducibility). Measurements on reference materials, i.e., gelatine and polyurethane, also indicate high accuracy (veracity). For natural sediments from Nova Scotia, Canada, Poisson’s ratios range from 0.4951 to 0.5 with no indication of anisotropy; therefore, such sediments act as incompressible solids to short-term/small-magnitude stresses, as occur during bubble formation and infaunal movement.     

Air-floating towing behaviors of multi-bucket foundation platform

Air-floating towing beha viors of multi-bucket foundation plat form （MBFP） are investigated with the 1/20-scale model tests and hydrodynamic so ftware MOSES. MOSES numerical model was val idated by test results, and M OSES prototype model of MBFP can eliminate scale effect of model. The influences of towing factors of to wing speed, water depth, freeboard, and w ave direction on air-floating tow ing stability of MBFP were analyzed by model tests and validated MOSES prototype mod el. It is sho wn that the re duction of towing sp eed can effectively d ecrease the to wing force and surge acceleration to improve towing stability. Water depth is another f actor in towing s tability. Obvious shallow water effect will appear in shallow water with sma ll water depth-draft ratio and it w ill disappear gradually and air-floating towing becomes more stable with the increase of water depth. Accelerations of surge, s way and heave are small and they have modest changes when freeboard increases from 0.5 to 2 m. For MBFP, the freeboard is not suggested to be larger than 2 m in following wave. Wave direction has large influence on the towing stability, the surge acceleration and towing force are sensitive to the va riation of wave direction, the surge acceleration and towing force in following wave （0°） and counter wave （180°） are much larger than that in transverse sea （90°and 270°）.     

On the use of Atterberg limits on marine soils

Abstract

On the basis of the Atterberg indexes of various sediments collected in the Mediterranean Sea, we select two major parameters indicative of the mechanical behavior of marine soils: the sedimentary facies (i.e., mechanism of deposition expressed by silt content) and the clay mineral association characterized by smectite content in the fraction finer than 2 μm. Activity and real thixotropic ability appear to be particularly important parameters in marine engineering; better values are obtained by a double test operation in distilled and marine water.     

无验潮水深测量测深精度分析及检验

无验潮水深测量是利用RTK(real-time kinematic)测得的GPS天线精确的三维坐标确定定位点的平面位置,RTK高程结合由测深仪同步测得的水底点水深值换算出同一平面位置上定位点的水下高程或水深值.无验潮水深测量具有工作效率高,省工省时等特点.本文对无验潮及验潮水深测量方式的原理进行了介绍,对无验潮水深测量...     

惠民凹陷沙河街组地层水化学特征及其成因

根据惠民凹陷沙河街组水化学分析数据,探讨水化学成分分布特征,并初步进行地层水来源及成因方面的分析。研究结果表明:沙河街组发育的是以(Cl^-和Na⁺+K⁺为主要离子组分的(CaCl₂,型水,矿化度及其他水化学组分纵向上呈增加-减小交替变化的特点。各水化学参数反映凹陷内沙四段、沙三中下亚段和沙二段地层较好的封闭性,地层水总体被CaCO₃饱和,尚未达到CaSO₄饱和程度。与海水、湖水蒸发曲线进行对比,直观地反映水中离子的富集和贫乏程度,进而进行相应的地层水成因研究,即沙河街组地层水中Na⁺, Cl^-浓缩,Ca²⁺富集,以及Mg²⁺ 、 SO₄^2-贫乏的现象是蒸发浓缩作用、斜长石钠长石化、脱硫酸作用、有机质生烃等共同作用的结果。此外,平面上沙四段以上各层地层水矿化度低值区均分布在临南洼陷内,粘土矿物脱水作用可以解释洼陷及周边地层水的淡化现象。     

基于脉冲小电流的经颅磁刺激电路设计

为改进传统磁刺激治疗仪需要使用脉冲大电流产生磁场,以及在临界阻尼震荡条件下电路的RLC参数匹配难度大等缺点,根据感应电场产生的原理,提出一种基于低电压,脉冲小电流,用RL电路代替RLC电路的设计。该电路在产生磁场的回路中用+5V低电压电源代替电容器,通过加快电流的变化速率产生与脉冲大电流同样的刺激效果,具有安全,易调控的优点,也推进了磁刺激治疗仪面向小型、便携、低功耗等方向的发展。     

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荣成海流能电站海上钻探技术研究

根据洛庄汉墓封土堆土壤汞含量异常值特征,推测主墓室的位置有3处,2处分布在洛庄汉墓封土堆南北中心线偏东部位,另一处分布在封土堆南北向中心线的西部。高精度磁测推测封土堆西部呈东西方向展布的M1(D1)异常为古墓通道,往东呈南北向展布的M2(D2),M3(D3),M4,M5异常为主墓室。土壤汞含量测量与高精度磁测2种方法推测的主墓室位置及范围基本吻合。该次调查为下一步洛庄汉墓主墓室的发掘提供了翔实的地质依据。