碱−热环境下MX80膨润土导热性能试验研究

以美国怀俄明州钠基（MX80）膨润土为研究对象,采用热探针法测定碱−热环境下MX80膨润土的导热系数,探讨了温度、碱液强度和干密度对试样导热系数λ的影响规律,并选择部分试样进行了X射线衍射（X-ray diffraction,简称XRD）和扫描电镜（scanning electron microscope,简称SEM）试验,揭示了碱−热环境下MX80膨润土导热性能演变的微观机制。试验结果表明：MX80膨润土的导热系数λ随碱液含量和干密度的递增而增大;在不同碱液含量条件下,膨润土的导热系数均随温度升高而增大,且碱液含量越高,导热系数的温度效应越显著;干密度较小时,膨润土导热系数λ随温度升高而增大的影响越明显,主要原因是温度促进了试样内部的水汽潜热传输;同一温度和干密度条件下,热传导系数λ随着碱液pH值的升高而降低6,且pH值越高,则λ降幅越明显,主要原因是强碱溶液腐蚀了膨润土的蒙脱石成分,减少了试样内石英含量,增大了膨润土试样的孔隙率,进而降低了膨润土导热系数,这与测试试样的XRD和SEM结果相吻合。     

水泥胶结钙质砂地层中单桩竖向承载特性试验研究

钙质砂属于岩土工程中一种特殊的岩土材料,除具有颗粒形状不规则、易破碎等特征,还具有胶结性。针对钙质砂具有胶结性的地质现状,通过室内模型试验研究了胶结钙质砂地层中钢管桩的承载能力、沉降情况及其影响因素,同时与未胶结钙质砂中的桩基承载特性进行了对比。研究结果表明：与未胶结钙质砂中的钢管桩相比,胶结钙质砂的相对密实度对桩基承载力影响程度明显减弱,桩的承载形式依然表现为端承桩,随着钙质砂胶结程度的提升,桩端阻力承载占比越来越高;胶结程度较高的钙质砂地层中桩身侧摩阻力发挥存在异步过程,这是因为桩基沉降时桩身下部破坏砂层形成了更为紧密的新接触面,该接触面对桩身的径向膨胀更为敏感;胶结钙质砂中桩基 q_s-S_u 线没有出现明显的硬化阶段,与未胶结钙质砂地层中桩基的 q_s-S_u多段折线变化规律不同,胶结钙质砂地层中桩基的 q_s-S_u曲线更为接近双曲线线型。     

MICP联合纤维加筋改性钙质砂的动力特性研究

为了提高我国南海钙质砂地基的抗液化性能,提出利用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积（MICP）技术联合纤维加筋技术对钙质砂进行改性处理。通过开展动三轴试验,对比分析了改性前后钙质砂试样的动应变、动孔压、应力−应变滞回曲线以及动弹性模量的发展规律和演化特征,并结合扫描电镜（SEM）试验探究了MICP和纤维加筋技术对钙质砂的联合改性机制。研究结果表明：（1）MICP技术可以明显改善钙质砂试样的抗变形与抗液化性能,相比于未胶结处理试样,仅MICP处理试样的动应变和动孔压分别降低了95.74% 和 92.46%;（2）纤维的掺入进一步提升了MICP的改性效果,相比于仅MICP处理试样,MICP和纤维加筋联合处理试样的动应变和动孔压分别降低了 74.32%和 74.18%;（3）MICP 和纤维加筋技术通过减轻试样在循环荷载作用下的循环活动强度和能量耗散、提高试样的动弹性模量和减小动弹性模量的衰减速率,从而实现试样抗变形与抗液化性能的显著提高;（4）SEM 试验分析结果表明,MICP 与纤维对钙质砂动力特性的改善具有协同作用。纤维的掺入为细菌提供了更多的附着场所,促进了碳酸钙晶体的生成量,该部分碳酸钙不仅增加了颗粒间的胶结强度,同时也将纤维固定在砂颗粒上增强了纤维网的约束作用。     

Relationship between Geological Structures and Hydrocarbon Enrichment of Different Depressions in the Bohai Bay Basin

The Bohai Bay Basin contains many depressions with varying degrees of hydrocarbon enrichment associated with the geological structures of different depressions. This study discussed the relationship between the geological structures and hydrocarbon enrichment of the depressions in the Bohai Bay Basin. Based on the Paleogene strata distribution and the length to width ratio of different depressions, their geological structures are divided into three types in plan-view: open(length/width 2), narrow(length/width 4) and transitional types(length/width 2–4). In cross section, the geological structures can be divided into dustpan I, dustpan II and double-faulted types. Based on tectonic evolution and sedimentary characteristics, the depressions are classified into early-formed, inherited and late-formed categories. Generally, narrow depressions are mainly located in the northeast and southwest of the Bohai Bay Basin, while open depressions are dominantly distributed in the central area of the basin; late-formed depressions are mainly around the Bohai sea area, and early-formed depressions are mostly located in the periphery of the basin. Geological structures of the depressions control the formation of the source, reservoir and cap rocks as well as hydrocarbon accumulation setting, and further influence the pay zones and oil-bearing sequence. In detail, dustpan II and doublefaulted depressions mainly have A-type sags, which often possess better hydrocarbon generation conditions than dustpan I ones; hydrocarbons in open dustpan II depressions tend to accumulate in the central uplift areas or buried hill, while those in narrow dustpan I depressions always accumulate in gentle slope belts. The oil-bearing sequence for different evolutional depressions corresponds well with the sedimentary strata of the main development stages of depressions. In early-formed depressions, hydrocarbons are mainly enriched in deeply buried reservoirs, while in late-formed depressions hydrocarbons are abundant in the relatively shallow traps. In summary, most inherited and late-formed dustpan II depressions are enriched in hydrocarbons due to their extensive source rocks and good source–reservoir–seal assemblages, whereas dustpan I and early-formed depressions are relatively poor in hydrocarbons.     

Vertical profiling of Saharan dust with Raman lidars and airborne HSRL in southern Morocco during SAMUM

Three ground-based Raman lidars and an airborne high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) were operated during SAMUM 2006 in southern Morocco to measure height profiles of the volume extinction coefficient, the extinction-to-backscatter ratio and the depolarization ratio of dust particles in the Saharan dust layer at several wavelengths. Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun photometer observations and radiosoundings of meteorological parameters complemented the ground-based activities at the SAMUM station of Ouarzazate. Four case studies are presented. Two case studies deal with the comparison of observations of the three ground-based lidars during a heavy dust outbreak and of the ground-based lidars with the airborne lidar. Two further cases show profile observations during satellite overpasses on 19 May and 4 June 2006. The height resolved statistical analysis reveals that the dust layer top typically reaches 4–6 km height above sea level (a.s.l.), sometimes even 7 km a.s.l.. Usually, a vertically inhomogeneous dust plume with internal dust layers was observed in the morning before the evolution of the boundary layer started. The Saharan dust layer was well mixed in the early evening. The 500 nm dust optical depth ranged from 0.2–0.8 at the field site south of the High Atlas mountains, Ångström exponents derived from photometer and lidar data were between 0–0.4. The volume extinction coefficients (355, 532 nm) varied from 30–300 Mm⁻¹ with a mean value of 100 Mm⁻¹ in the lowest 4 km a.s.l.. On average, extinction-to-backscatter ratios of 53–55 sr (±7–13 sr) were obtained at 355, 532 and 1064 nm.     

Retrieval of aerosol optical thickness for desert conditions using MERIS observations during the SAMUM campaign

Approximately 30% of the land surface is arid, having desert or semi-desert conditions. Aerosol originating from these regions plays a significant role in climate and atmospheric chemistry of the atmosphere. Retrieving aerosol properties from space-borne platforms above desert conditions, where the surface reflectance is usually very bright, is a challenging task. The proportion of the surface to top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectance can reach values over 90%, especially for wavelength above 500 nm. For these reasons detailed knowledge of aerosol and surface optical properties from these regions is required to separate atmosphere from intrinsically bright surfaces.
An approach to retrieve aerosol properties over arid and semi-arid regions based on the Bremen Aerosol Retrieval (BAER) has been developed and validated within the Dust Aerosol Retrievals from Space-Born Instruments (DREAMS) Project, which is part of the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment ( SAMUM, 2006 ). Combining measurements of the backscattered radiation from the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) instrument aboard Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) and ground-based measurements in Morocco in radiation closure experiments yields the aerosol optical properties of mineral dust at selected locations.     

Vertical profiling of convective dust plumes in southern Morocco during SAMUM

Lifting of dust particles by dust devils and convective plumes may significantly contribute to the global mineral dust budget. During the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment (SAMUM) in May–June 2006 vertical profiling of dusty plumes was performed for the first time. Polarization lidar observations taken at Ouarzazate (30.9°N, 6.9°W, 1133 m height above sea level) are analyzed. Two cases with typical and vigorous formation of convective plumes and statistical results of 5 d are discussed. The majority of observed convective plumes have diameters on order of 100–400 m. Most of the plumes (typically 50–95%) show top heights <1 km or 0.3DLH with the Saharan dust layer height DLH of typically 3–4 km. Height-to-diameter ratio is mostly 2–10. Maximum plume top height ranges from 1.1 to 2.9 km on the 5 d. 5–26 isolated plumes and clusters of plumes per hour were detected. A low dust optical depth (<0.3) favours plume evolution. Observed surface, 1 and 2–m air temperatures indicate that a difference of 17–20 K between surface and 2-m air temperature and of 0.9–1 K between the 1 and 2-m temperatures are required before convective plumes develop. Favourable horizontal wind speeds are 2–7 m s⁻¹.     

Spectral absorption coefficients and imaginary parts of refractive indices of Saharan dust during SAMUM-1

During the SAMUM-1 experiment, absorption coefficients and imaginary parts of refractive indices of mineral dust particles were investigated in southern Morocco. Main absorbing constituents of airborne samples were identified to be iron oxide and soot. Spectral absorption coefficients were measured using a spectral optical absorption photometer (SOAP) in the wavelength range from 300 to 800 nm with a resolution of 50 nm. A new method that accounts for a loading-dependent correction of fibre filter based absorption photometers, was developed. The imaginary part of the refractive index was determined using Mie calculations from 350 to 800 nm. The spectral absorption coefficient allowed a separation between dust and soot absorption. A correlation analysis showed that the dust absorption coefficient is correlated ( R ² up to 0.55) with the particle number concentration for particle diameters larger than 0.5 μm, whereas the coefficient of determination R ² for smaller particles is below 0.1. Refractive indices were derived for both the total aerosol and a dust aerosol that was corrected for soot absorption. Average imaginary parts of refractive indices of the entire aerosol are 7.4 × 10⁻³, 3.4 × 10⁻³ and 2.0 × 10⁻³ at wavelengths of 450, 550 and 650 nm. After a correction for the soot absorption, imaginary parts of refractive indices are 5.1 × 10⁻³, 1.6 × 10⁻³ and 4.5 × 10⁻⁴.     

考虑开挖损伤的高放废物地质处置库温度-渗流-应力耦合数值模拟方法

高放废物地质处置库处于温度?渗流?应力（THM）多场耦合环境中,对高放废物处置库进行安全评估时,需进行多场耦合分析。然而,高放废物处置库开挖引起硐壁附近围岩应力重分布,产生损伤,导致围岩热学参数（T）、渗流参数（H）和力学参数（M）发生变化,且在空间上分布不均匀,这将会对运营期处置库THM耦合演化过程产生显著影响。通过分析高放废物处置库温度?渗流?应力三场的耦合原理和处置库围岩损伤的分布和演化规律,定义了损伤变量和损伤演化准则,并将损伤变量与热学参数、渗流参数、力学参数以及多场耦合参数（Biot系数、Biot模量和温度排水系数）建立联系,将围岩损伤与温度?渗流?应力建立联系,形成了一个弹塑性损伤温度?渗流?应力多场耦合数值模型,然后利用建立的模型对瑞士Mont Terri高放废物地质处置库围岩加热试验进行模拟,对比了模拟值和试验值,比较了考虑开挖损伤和不考虑开挖损伤对高放废物地质处置库温度?渗流?应力的影响,并分析了在多场耦合作用下开挖损伤的演化规律。     

膨润土热传导性能的温度效应

以高庙子（GMZ07）和美国怀俄明州（MX80）钠基膨润土为研究对象,采用热探针法研究温度对压实膨润土试样热传导性能的影响。在保持干密度和含水率不变的情况下,使用KD2 Pro型热特性分析仪测定不同温度（5～90 ℃）试样的热传导系数,并对部分试样进行压汞试验。试验结果表明：GMZ07和MX80膨润土的热传导系数均随着温度的增大而增大,在90 ℃时最高可达5 ℃的1.2～1.5倍,主要原因是温度引起的水汽潜热传输促进了试样内部的热传导;当试样温度高于60 ℃时,温度对热传导系数的影响较低于60 ℃时更显著;含水率不为0时,两种膨润土热传导系数的温度效应均随干密度的增大而减小;干试样的热传导系数几乎不随温度发生变化,这与水汽潜热传输的强化机制有关。热传导系数温度效应的机制可理解为：热传导系数取决于试样内部可供潜热传输的水分和传热通道数。