Degree of nutrient consumption as an aging index of upwelling or vertically mixed water in the northern Taiwan Strait

In order to determine the relative aging slams of upwelled or vertically mixed water in the northern Taiwan Strait, a recently developed method of calculating the degree of nutrient consumption (DNC) was employed. Upwelling was detected at a water depth of about 75m in summer. Bottom waters in the aphotic zone and newly-upwelled waters in the euphotic zone were found to be low in terms of their DNC. In general, a low DNC was noted alongside the other traditional upwelling indicators, such as lower temperature and degree of oxygen saturation, but higher salinity, apparent oxygen utilization, nutrient contents and chlorophytt-a. Enhanced vertical mixing, but without an apparent upwelling signal, was detected near the same location in winter.     

Sedimentpetrographische Untersuchung toniger und sandiger Lagen des Mittleren Buntsandsteins in Bohrungen und Tagesaufschlüssen Süd-Niedersachsens

Zusammenfassung Wechsellagernde tonige und sandige Lagen aus einer Tiefbohrung, mehreren Tagesaufschlüssen and einer Flachbohrung ties Mittleren Buntsandsteins in Süd-Niedersachsen warden optisch, röntgenographisch, infrarotspektroskopisch und chemisch untersucht.Der Bestand an Mineralen klastischer Herkunft hat sick qualitativ sowohl in der Tiefbohrung als auch in den oberflächennahen Gesteinen als recht gleichförmig erwiesen. Quantitativ ist der Unterschied zwischen tonigen und sandigen Lagen erheblich. Durch diagenetische Vorgänge wurde in viel größerexn Ausmaß in den Sandsteinen als in den Tonen Gips (heute als Anhydrit vorliegend) und Dolomit gebildet. Der Anhydrit wird nur noch in der Tiefbohrung gefunden. Es wird angenommen, daß er in den oberflächennahen Gesteinen herausgelöst wurde. Durch diese diagenetischen Neubildungs- und postdiagenetischen Lösungsvorgange wurden deutliche Unterschiede in der Pauschalzusammensetzung der Gesteine bewirkt, die besonders auffallend beim Vergleich der Sandsteine aus der Tiefbohrung mit denen aus oberflächennahen Gesteinen sind. Weitere post-diagenetische Vorgänge in den oberflächennahen Gesteinen brachten eine mengenmäßig geringe Bildung von Montmorillonit (bzw. unregelmäßiger Wechsellagerung), sowie von Kaolinit und Halloysit.

---

Samples from a deep drill hole as well as from a number of natural exposures of the Middle Bunter (Triassic), were investigated with optical, x-ray, infrared and chemical methods. They are composed of interlaminated clayey and sandy layers.The quantitative mineralogical compositions of the sandy and clayey beds are appreciably different, although the elastic suite of minerals remains practically the same all through. Diagenetic processes have led to the formation of gypsum (appearing now as anhydrite) and dolomite much more frequently in the sandy horizons, than in the clayey ones. Anhydrite has been found only in the deeper drill cores and has presumably been leached out from the near-surface samples.The over all composition of the rocks has been remarkably affected by these diagenetic neocrystallizations as well as by the postdiagenetic leaching, so that the sandstones from the deep drill hole appear to be quite different from those near the surface. Some montmorillonite (or a irregular mixed layer mineral), kaolinite and halloysite were originated through additional postdiagenetic processes in the near-surface rock samples.

     

Groundwater monitoring for cement kiln dust disposal units in karst aquifers

Well-developed karst aquifers tend to be heterogeneous and consist of variable porosities. Groundwater monitoring and the associated data interpretations in such aquifers are often more complicated than porous medium aquifers. Collection of representative data in karst aquifers often requires monitoring at appropriately located wells and/or springs that are proven to connect to the groundwater system. Water samples are to be collected under different flow conditions, including base flow, high-flow, and low-flow. The sampling frequencies may vary from several months for base flows to minutes in response to recharge events. The groundwater monitoring program presented in this paper is for a cement kiln dust mono-fill site in a karst area of southern Indiana. Following dye tracing and extensive geophysical investigations, one spring was selected as a monitoring location. A second spring should be used as a monitoring location when the last cell of the mono-fill begins receiving the wastes. The paper discusses results from the first spring, at which nine background sampling events were completed to evaluate the natural variations of the water quality. Based on the background data, a statistical evaluation plan was developed for 12 water-quality parameters to determine the integrity of the landfill. The statistical power of the statistical analyses was evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations.