2008年攀枝花6.1级地震序列精定位

利用四川和云南区域数字地震台网震相到时资料,并结合Hypo2000+Hypo DD对2008年8月30日攀枝花MS6.1地震序列进行了定位。定位结果表明,地震序列的震中在空间上呈近SN向展布,余震密集区长度约为30km,主震震源深度约为14km。序列深度的分布范围主要为0~4、5~20km,而4~5km范围显示为明显的少震层。沿序列长轴的深度剖面显示,余震区中段存在1个不规则的少震的"空区",为1955年634级地震的破裂区,该地震发生在空区的南端。分析认为,2008年8月30日攀枝花MS6.1地震是因汶川8.0级地震后的应力调整造成未破裂的小凹凸体发生破裂所致。余震密集分布区沿垂直于破裂长轴的两个剖面则显示了在其北端地震震源分布更深,且断层面向NW倾斜,与已知的红格断裂的倾向一致。     

斜入射地震作用下坡面形态对碎石土边坡稳定性影响研究

本文研究了在震源近场时,地震波斜入射条件下,不同坡面形态对碎石土边坡稳定性的影响。利用FLAC3D有限差分软件,建立了多种坡面形态的边坡模型。采用对比方法,分析了边坡在地震波作用下的稳定性。结果表明:临空坡面对输入地震波有放大效应;坡面的水平位移与加速度峰值随高度增加而增大,随坡度增加而增大;随着坡面凹度的增大,剪应力增量向坡肩处集中,坡肩愈加不稳定;随着坡面凸度的增大,剪应力增量向坡腰处集中,坡腰愈加不稳定;台阶对坡面的加速度放大效应有削弱作用,台阶数越多越稳定。同时给出了边坡防治的几点建议:减小坡面的坡度;对凹型坡加强坡肩位置处的防治,对凸型坡加强坡腰位置处的防治;对高边坡可设置多级台阶增加稳定性。     

新丰江水库上游氮磷污染的时空变化

新丰江水库流域是广东省最大的饮用水源保护区,对东江下游和香港地区的用水安全有十分重要的作用,水质长期保持在国家地表水I类标准。但随着经济的发展,水库上游地区人类活动加剧,对水质和水量造成潜在威胁。通过2007、2008年对新丰江水库上游流域采样分析氮磷质量分数,发现总氮和总磷超过地表水Ⅱ类标准的采样点比例分别为48%和12%。与总磷相比,新丰江水库上游总氮的污染要更加严重,丰水期超标点明显少于枯水期,而枯水期氮-磷正相关关系较好（P＜0.000 1,R²＝0.868 3）,污染物可能为同一污染源或同期释放。空间上超标点多位于新丰、连平县城和大型城镇居民点如马头、忠信、灯塔镇附近,河流污染主要来自生活污水和养殖废水等人为点源污染。尽管目前新丰江水库库区的水质情况总体较好,但上游水质也存在恶化风险,可能导致水库自净能力降低,水体富营养化加剧,因此需要对新丰江水库上游的水质进行定期监测,通过控制内、外源性氮磷措施,以减少饮用水源安全风险和保证新丰江水库水质长期稳定。     

高速铁路道岔精密测量方法及其精度分析

介绍了采用全站仪配合轨检仪进行高速铁路道岔精密测量的方法.采用误差传播定律,详细分析了该方法测量道岔区轨道各项参数的精度情况.以某客运专线高速道岔测量试验的数据,证明了本文介绍的方法确实可行,测量精度能够满足高速铁路道岔测量的精度要求,对目前高速铁路道岔测量具有参照价值.     

开封市黄河滩区土地资源规避洪水风险的安全利用

基于ArcGIS与ERDAS遥感影像制图软件,利用2007年SPOT2.5m分辨率遥感影像,结合实地调查,详细编绘了开封市段黄河河道边界、开封段黄河滩区土地资源的利用现状。采用1992~2007年最大洪峰时期的TM影像与沿河水文站点的观测资料,提取1992~2007年7个典型日期的河道行洪边缘线,与本底数据叠加,编制了开封段不同常遇洪水流量下滩区淹没范围。按照黄河下游二维水沙数学模型,采用2004年汛后河道大断面资料,计算生成不同流量级大洪水在滩区的可能淹没范围图(淹没区边界)。在此基础上,结合土地资源管理与河道行洪安全性的要求,总结当前黄河下游滩区利用开发的现状与存在问题,制订土地安全利用规避洪险的原则,规划土地安全利用分区,分为临河风险缓冲带、近河宜耕地带、相对稳定利用带(中风险带)和稳定利用带。提出了黄河滩区土地资源合理安全利用的对策。     

Quartz OSL dating of sand dunes of Late Pleistocene in the Mu Us Desert in northern China

The Mu Us Desert, located in the northwestern fringe of the East Asian monsoon region, is sensitive to climate variability. The desert is characterized by mobile, semi-fixed and fixed sand dunes. Alternating units of dune sands and sandy palaeosols in the Mu Us Desert imply multiple episodes of dune building and stabilization, in response to the ebb and flow of the East Asian monsoon. Desert evolution and climatic change of high-resolution in the Mu Us Desert are still poorly understood due to limited numerical dating results. In the present study, 19 samples collected from five sand dune sections along a northwest–southeast transect in the Mu Us Desert were dated using quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and single aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol. Internal checks of the OSL dating indicate that the SAR protocol is appropriate for equivalent dose (D_e) determination for the samples under study. Combined with the lithologic stratigraphy and the luminescence chronology, the sand dune development in the Mu Us Desert during the Late Pleistocene is discussed. Our results indicate that the sand was mobilized approximately at 91 ka, 71 ka, 48–22 ka, 5 ka, 1 ka, and 0.44 ka; the sand was fixed approximately at 65 ka and Holocene Optimum period in the interior Mu Us Desert. The Mu Us Desert formed at least before ～144 ka, and has shown increasing aridity in the Late Pleistocene.     

Quartz OSL dating of archaeological sites in Xiao Qaidam Lake of the NE Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and its implications for palaeoenvironmental changes

In the past decades, archaeologists have found evidences for prehistorical human activity in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). In 1982, some Paleolithic stone tools were found in a section from a terrace of the Xiao Qaidam Lake in the Qaidam Basin, NE of the QTP. The age of this Paleolithic site has remained unknown by far. Some believed that the age of human inhabitation in this Paleolithic site was about 30 ka. In this study, quartz optically stimulated luminescence was used to date 10 samples collected from four sections in the Xiao Qaidam Lake, using the single-aliquot regeneration-dose protocol. The two samples from section XCDH2, which is from a lake terrace about ～7–8 m above the present lake level and in which the top gravel layer contains stone tools, were not well-bleached before deposition. Their ages (>101 and >159 ka) determined by SAR should be considered minimums. OSL dating results of six samples from two sections (XCDH1 and XCDH3) of an adjacent lake terrace, which is ～12 m above the present lake level, suggest two possibilities for the age of the tool-bearing gravel layer: (1) younger than ～3 ka if the lake terrace of XCDH2 is younger than the terrace represented by XCDH1 and XCDH3; or (2) between ～3 and 11 ka if these two terraces are part of the deposit of the same time period. In either case, the age of the archaeological layer should be much younger than the previously proposed ～30 ka. As the climate in the early Holocene after 11 ka was increasingly warm and the Xiao Qaidam Lake area could be suitable for human inhabitation then, we deduce that the age range of ～3–11 ka is more likely the time frame for this archaeological site. The age of 3.1 ± 0.3 ka for the surface of terrace XCDH1/XCDH3 suggests a significant lake level decrease after this time and a corresponding arid event at ～3 ka; the lake level did not reach this level again after that time. Section XCDH4 is more than 40 m above the present lake level, and two samples gave ages of 37 ± 4 and 51 ± 4 ka. These two dates and the dates from the other sections demonstrate that two lake levels higher than present existed for Xiao Qaidam Lake, one at ～12 m and dated ～3–11 ka and the another at >40 m and dated ～37–51 ka.     

断层构造对煤层底板突水的影响分析

在原岩应力、地质构造、地下水等因素基础上,从应力场和渗流场共同作用的角度出发,研究含底板岩体在内的采场岩体系统的变形与破坏。研究结果表明,随着工作面向前推进,底板岩层的破坏深度和范围逐渐增加,底板岩层中水平应力低于承压水压力的深度也逐步增大。随着开挖接近断层,断层对应力分布情况的影响越来越明显,最终在断层处造成突水。为了预防底板突水的发生,合理留设防水煤岩柱是必要的工程措施。