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31.
André F. Lotter 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1989,51(1):19-30
A succession of fine dark and light laminations, covering a time span of ca 6,000 years (Allerød to Atlantic), was observed in the sediment of Soppensee, Central Switzerland. These laminations, consisting of dark, organic and diatom-rich winter/spring layers and light calcite summer layers, are shown to be varves by means of several independent pollen and diatom analyses, as well as thin-section studies of the sediment micro-structure. 相似文献
32.
André Robert 《Mathematical Geology》1991,23(3):367-382
Bed roughness characteristics in coarse-grained channels are fairly complex. A hierarchy of roughness elements can be observed, ranging from variable particle sizes and shapes and small-scale sedimentary structures, to large-scale bedforms such as riffle-pool sequences. The effects of these scales of roughness on the flow geometry still remain to be thoroughly investigated. The semivariogram has been suggested in the past as a means of quantifying bed roughness effects on streamflow, as well as for distinguishing between scales of roughness. However, field measurements are rather time-consuming. The low number of bed profiles measured in the field precludes the identification of generally applicable relationships between the statistical properties derived from the semivariograms (such as the Hausdorff dimensions and the scale of autocorrelation corresponding to each fractal band) and the bed configuration itself (geometrical and sedimentological properties). Simulation results of gravel-bed profiles are, therefore, presented in order to complement the original investigation of Robert (1988a). The simulation experiments, based on grain characteristics of sizes and shapes and on morphological properties of small-scale bedforms, yield very significant information on boundary roughness at the microscale and give insight into the interpretation of empirical semivariograms (derived from field measurements). Bed-material sorting, variable grain shapes, and height and spacing of cluster bedforms control the fractal dimensions obtained from the semivariograms, as well as the location of the break of slope and the range of the process. 相似文献
33.
A simple example simulating a mixture of two normal populations results in some important observations, nonnormality and nonsymmetry of the mixture conditional pdf, nonlinearity of the conditional mean as a function of the conditioning data, heteroscedasticity of the conditional variance and its nonmonotonicity as a function of distance of the unknown to the conditioning data. A comparison of the mixture statistics with those predicted by traditional models ignoring the mixture reveals the inadequacy and inappropriateness of these traditional approaches. A mixture of two multivariate normal populations is illustrated through the analytical expressions of its conditional distribution and moments. 相似文献
34.
Some turbiditic measures carried out by a limnological diffusiometer along with the physico-chemical determinations of the
Lake of Neuchatel have permitted to subdivide the water column in 4 distinct layers: the Epilimnium, the Clear Water Layer,
the Pelagic Nepheloid Layer and the Benthic Nepheloid Layer.
相似文献
35.
A least-squares prediction method is described to estimate horizontal coordinate distortions at lower order points of a network
using known coordinate differences (NAD27 coordinate distortions Δϕ′s and Δλ′s) at higher order points between NAD27 coordinates
and coordinates derived from a recent (MAY 76), relatively distortion free, adjustment of these points. Empirical autocovariance
functions of Δϕ and Δλ and crosscovariance function between Δϕ and Δλ are derived from some 5,250 data points and modelled
using series of exponential functions. Empirical mean square values of Δϕ and Δλ, which are a measure of the distortions in
NAD27 ϕ and λ, are 0.051 and 0.645 arcsecs2 respectively. The corresponding mean value of the product ΔϕΔλ, which is a measure of the correlation between Δϕ and Δλ,
is 0.056 arcsecs2. The accuracy obtainable for predicted Δϕ and Δλ at an arbitrary point (e.g., lower order station) is a function of the accuracy
and configuration of known Δϕ′s and Δλ′s in the surrounding area. Accuracies obtainable for various types of data configuration
are given. Under favorable conditions taking place in about 60% of cases, accuracies in terms of ms agreement with known values
of 0″.02 (0.6 m) and 0″.01 (0.2 m along parallel at latitude 50°) for the predicted latitude and longitude distortions are
obtainable. Finally, a comparison with a method based on the use of complex polynomials is made.
Presented at International Symposium on Geodetic Networks and Computations, Munich, August–September 1981. 相似文献
36.
André Lacam 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1983,9(3-4):127-132
The objectives of this study of olivines are, to calibrate the variation of electrical conductivity with pressure, up to 200 kbar in a diamond-anvil cell, and to determine how this is influenced by chemical composition. Experimentally, we have found that the variation of the electrical conductivity of three synthetic olivines containing 50, 75 and 100 mole percent of fayalite, is an exponential function of pressure P, closely represented at room temperature by:σxP=σx·exp ·(B x·P) where x is the iron content of the olivine, σ x the extrapolated value of conductivity at normal pressure and B x the slope of the regression line in semi-logarithmic coordinates. It is thus possible to express the temperature dependence of conductivity through the Boltzmann relationship:σxPT= σαT· exp ·(-H*/RT)=σxT·exp ·[-(E*+PV * x )/RT] where H* is the activation enthalpy, E* the activation energy and V x * the activation volume. At constant temperature V * x =B x·RT and is approximately equal to 0,6 cm3/mole at 295 K. On the other hand, we have found that σxT is an exponential function of x and thus, B x and of course V x * are linear functions. The experimental procedure is described and the results discussed. 相似文献
37.
38.
André Strasser 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2007,100(3):407-429
Detailed investigation of facies and sedimentary structures reveals that, during the Middle Oxfordian to Late Kimmeridgian,
the shallow carbonate platform of the Swiss and French Jura Mountains recorded high-frequency sea-level fluctuations quite
faithfully. The cyclostratigraphic analysis within the established biostratigraphic and sequence-chronostratigraphic framework
implies that the resulting hierarchically stacked depositional sequences formed in tune with the orbital cycles of precession
(20 kyr) and eccentricity (100 and 400 kyr). The astronomical time scale presented here is based on the correlation of 19
platform sections and 4 hemipelagic sections from south-eastern France where good biostratigraphic control is available. The
cyclostratigraphic interpretation suggests that the interval between sequence boundaries Ox4 and Kim1 (early Middle Oxfordian
to earliest Kimmeridgian) lasted 3.2 myr and that the Kimmeridgian sensu gallico has a duration of 3.2 to 3.3 myr. The astronomical time scale proposed here is compared to time scales established by other
authors in other regions and the discrepancies are discussed. Despite these discrepancies, there is a potential to estimate
the durations of ammonite zones and depositional sequences more precisely and to better evaluate the rates of sedimentary,
ecological and diagenetic processes.
Editorial handling: Hanspeter Funk, Helmut Weissert, Stefan Bucher 相似文献
39.
André Salgado César Varajão Fabrice Colin Régis Braucher Angélica Varajão Herminio Nalini Jr 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(6):905-911
The present work quantifies the erosive processes in the two main substrates (schists–phyllites and granites–gneisses) of the upper Maracujá Basin in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero/MG, Brazil, a region of semi‐humid tropical climate. Two measuring methods of concentration were used: (i) in situ produced 10Be in quartz veins (surface erosion rates) and (ii) 10Be in fluvial sediments (basin erosion rates). The results confirm that (i) erosion tends to be more aggressive close to the headwaters than in the lower parts of the basin and (ii) the region is now affected by dissection. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
40.