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171.
Highly negative δC13 values, ?18 to ? 40%., for carbonate cements found in Recent barrier and beach sands of the Mississippi River Delta complex strongly suggest that considerable carbon is furnished to the CaCO3 cements by either chemical or biological oxidation of CH4. These cemented sands are commonly found on beaches of the Chandeleur barrier island chain and other sites along the Louisiana coast where Holocene sands are rapidly transgressing over highly organic marsh deposits. Generation of CH4 from underlying anoxic marsh sediments, followed by vertical migration and oxidation to CO2 in the porous overlying sand, appears to be the unique set of conditions regulating this process of carbonate cementation. 相似文献
172.
173.
William M. B. Roberts 《Mineralium Deposita》1968,3(4):364-367
Experiments are described in which pyrite is synthesized at room temperature and atmospheric pressure from hydrated iron oxides and hydrogen sulphide under conditions similar to those expected in the natural environment. This synthesis differs from earlier work in that oxygen was rigorously excluded from the system and the pH was 5.6. During a later ageing period a reaction appears to take place in which iron monosulphide is converted to pyrite at pH 5.85.
Published with the approval of the Director; Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Versuche zur Synthese von Pyrit bei Raumtemperatur unter atmosphärischem Druck, ausgehend von Eisenhydroxiden und Schwefelwasserstoff und somit unter gleichen Verhältnissen, wie in natürlicher Umgebung, werden beschrieben.Die Synthese unterscheidet sich von früheren Arbeiten durch den strengen Ausschluß von Sauerstoff und den pH-Wert von 5.6. In einer darauffolgenden Alterungsperiode scheint eine Reaktion einzusetzen, in der Eisenmonosulfid bei pH 5.85 zu Pyrit umgewandelt wird.
Published with the approval of the Director; Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics. 相似文献
174.
175.
Tertiary geodynamics of Sakhalin (NW Pacific) from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility fabrics and paleomagnetic data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Richard Weaver Andrew P Roberts Rachel Flecker David I.M Macdonald 《Tectonophysics》2004,379(1-4):25-42
Sakhalin has been affected by several phases of Cretaceous and Tertiary deformation due to the complex interaction of plates in the northwest Pacific region. A detailed understanding of the strain is important because it will provide constraints on plate-scale processes that control the formation and deformation of marginal sedimentary basins. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data were obtained from fine-grained mudstones and siltstones from 22 localities in Sakhalin in order to provide information concerning tectonic strain. AMS data reliably record ancient strain tensor orientations before significant deformation of the sediments occurred. Paleomagnetically determined vertical-axis rotations of crustal rocks allow rotation of the fabrics back to their original orientation. Results from southwest Sakhalin indicate a N035°E-directed net tectonic transport from the mid-Paleocene to the early Miocene, which is consistent with the present-day relative motion between the Okhotsk Sea and Eurasian plates. Reconstruction of early–late Miocene AMS fabrics in east Sakhalin indicates a tectonic transport direction of N040°E. In west Sakhalin, the transport direction appears to have remained relatively consistent from the Oligocene to the late Miocene, but it has a different attitude of N080°E. This suggests local deflection of the stress and strain fields, which was probably associated with opening of the northern Tatar Strait. A northward-directed tectonic transport is observed in Miocene sediments in southeast Sakhalin, mid-Eocene sediments in east Sakhalin, and in Late Cretaceous rocks of west and northern Sakhalin, which may be associated with northwestward motion and subduction of the Pacific Plate in the Tertiary period. The boundaries of the separate regions defined by the AMS data are consistent with present-day plate models and, therefore, provide meaningful constraints on the tectonic evolution of Sakhalin. 相似文献
176.
Limnology of Two Antarctic Epishelf Lakes and their Potential to Record Periods of Ice Shelf Loss 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
James A. Smith Dominic A. Hodgson Michael J. Bentley Elie Verleyen Melanie J. Leng Steven J. Roberts 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,35(2):373-394
George VI Ice Shelf is the largest ice shelf on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula and its northern margin marks
the southern most latitudinal limit of recent ice shelf retreat. As part of a project to reconstruct the long-term (Holocene)
history of George VI Ice Shelf we studied two epishelf lakes impounded by the ice shelf at Ablation Point, on the east coast
of Alexander Island. These lakes, Moutonnée and Ablation, are stratified water bodies with a lower marine layer and an upper
freshwater layer. To determine if their sediment records could be used to detect past changes in the presence or absence of
the ice shelf it was necessary to describe their present-day limnology and sedimentology. We measured water column chemistry
and sampled the water column and sediments of the lakes along vertical and horizontal transects. We analysed these samples
for diatoms, stable isotopes (δ18O, δ2H, δ13CDIC, δ13Corg), geochemistry (TOC, TN, C/N ratios) and physical sedimentology (grain-size). This was supplemented by chemical and biological
reference data from the catchments. Results showed that the water columns of both lakes are nutrient limited and deficient
in phytoplankton. Benthic productivity is low and decreases with depth. Comparison of water column chemistry with an earlier
survey shows a net increase in the thickness of the freshwater layer in Moutonnée Lake between 1973 and 2001, which could
indicate that George VI Ice Shelf has thinned during this period. However, a similar trend was not observed in Ablation Lake
(5 km to the north) and an alternative explanation is that the changes are a seasonal phenomena. Data from the surface sediment
transects identified a number of proxies that respond to the present day stratification of the water column including diatom
species composition, stable isotopes and geochemistry, particularly in Moutonnée Lake. Collectively these data have been used
to develop a conceptual model for determining past ice shelf configuration in epishelf lakes. Specifically, periods of past
ice shelf loss, and the removal of the ice dam, would see the present stratified epishelf lake replaced by a marine embayment.
It is suggested that this change would leave a clear signature in the lake sediment record, notably the deposition of an exclusively
marine biological assemblage, increased ice rafted debris and δ13Corg values that are indicative of marine derived organic matter.
These authors contributed equally to this work 相似文献
177.
178.
Application of the Spatially Smoothed Seismicity and Monte Carlo Methods to Estimate the Seismic Hazard of Eritrea and the Surrounding Region 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The region of interest is characterized by incomplete data sets and little information about the tectonic features. Therefore,
two methodologies for estimating seismic hazard were used in order to elucidate the robustness of the results: the method
of spatially smoothed seismicity introduced by Frankel (1995) and later extended by Lapajne et al. (1997) and a Monte Carlo approach presented by Ebel and Kafka (1999). In the first method, fault-rupture oriented elliptical
Gaussian smoothing was performed to estimate future activity rates along the causative structures. Peak ground accelerations
were computed for a grid size of 15 km × 415 km assuming the centre of the grids as epicentres, from which the seismic hazard
map was produced. The attenuation relationship by Ambraseys et al. (1996) was found suitable for the region under study. PGA values for 10% probability of exceedence in 50 years (return period
of 475 years) were computed for each model and a combined seismic hazard map was produced by subjectively assigning weights
to each of these models. A worst-case map is also obtained by picking the highest value at each grid point from values of
the four hazard maps. The Monte Carlo method is used to estimate seismic hazard, for comparison to the results from our previous
approach. Results obtained from both methods are comparable except values in the first set of maps estimate greater hazard
in areas of low seismicity. Both maps indicate a higher hazard along the main tectonic features of the east African and Red
Sea rift systems. Within Eritrea, the highest PGA exceeded a value 25% of g, located north of Red Sea port of Massawa. In
areas around the capital, Asmara, PGA values exceed 10% of g. 相似文献
179.
Lithospheric structure of the Tornquist Zone resolved by nonlinear P and S teleseismic tomography along the TOR array 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Z. Hossein Shomali Roland G. Roberts Laust B. Pedersen the TOR Working Group 《Tectonophysics》2006,416(1-4):133
The main aim of the TOR project is to study the lithospheric–asthenospheric boundary structure under the Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone, across northern Germany, Denmark and southern Sweden. Relative arrival-time residuals of teleseismic P and S phases from 51 earthquakes, recorded by 150 seismic stations along the TOR array, were used to delineate the transition zone in the studied area. The effects of crustal structures were investigated by correcting the teleseismic residuals for travel-time variations in the crust based on a 3D crustal model derived from other data. The inversion was carried out for S phases. The results were then compared with the corresponding P-wave models. As expected, the derived models show that the relatively old and cold Baltic Shield has higher velocity at depth than the younger lithosphere farther South. The models show two sharp and distinct increases in depth to velocities which are low compared to our reference model, as we move from South to North. The location and sharpness of these boundaries suggests that the features resolved are, at least partially, compositional in origin, presumably related to mantle depletion. A sharp and steep subcrustal boundary is found roughly coincident with the southern edge of Sweden. This is below where the edge of the Baltic Shield is usually placed, based on surface geological evidence (the Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone). Another less significant transition is recognised more or less beneath the Elbe-lineament. Relatively high d(Vp / Vs) ratios under the central part of the profile (Denmark) indicate relatively low S-velocity in an area where a gravity high supports the hypothesis of extensive mafic intrusions. 相似文献
180.
Empirical laws and statistics of earthquakes are valuable as a basis for a better understanding of the earthquake cycle. In this paper we focus on the postseismic phase and the physics of aftershock sequences. Using interevent time distributions for a catalogue of Icelandic seismicity, we infer that the parameter C2 in the Omori law, often considered to represent incomplete detection of aftershocks, is at least in part related to the physics of the earthquake process. We investigate the role of postseismic pore pressure diffusion after two Icelandic earthquakes on the rate of aftershocks and what we can infer about the physical meaning of C2 from the diffusion process. Using the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion we obtain a rate of triggered points in our diffusion model that agrees with the modified Omori law, with a value of C2 that is consistent with data. Our pore pressure diffusion model suggests that C2 is related to the process of reducing high pore pressure gradients existing across a fault zone at short times after a main shock. 相似文献