Urbanization and its impact on flood hazard: the case of Addis Ababa,Ethiopia

Natural Hazards - Rapid urbanization has become and will continue to be an inevitable and inescapable phenomenon in the developing world. Unplanned expansion of cities and the impacts of climate...     

新疆肖塘冬季土壤呼吸特征及影响因素

采用LI-COR8150多通道土壤碳通量观测系统对塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘肖塘地区盐碱地和流沙地土壤的冬季呼吸速率、土壤温度、含水量的日变化动态进行定位连续监测,并深入分析土壤水热因子对呼吸速率的影响。结果表明:(1)肖塘地区盐碱地和流沙地的土壤呼吸速率较低,具有明显的日变化规律,并会因土壤类型的不同而有微弱差异,总体上均呈不对称"钟形"的单峰型曲线。(2)夜间及凌晨2类土壤的呼吸速率多为负值,表明该时段土壤成为碳元素的汇集区,然而在日尺度上沙漠地区仍属于碳源,但相对较为微弱。(3)盐碱地和流沙地的土壤呼吸速率与土壤表层0~5cm平均温度均具有较为一致的昼夜变化趋势,且分别存在极显著的线性和指数回归关系。温度敏感性指数Q10在2类土壤中均较小,其中盐碱地Q10相对较大。(4)土壤呼吸速率与土壤表层0~5cm平均含水量在盐碱和流沙两地昼夜变化趋势均较为一致,且存在极显著的线性关系。(5)相对于单因素影响下的一维回归方程,土壤温度和含水量对土壤呼吸速率的二维回归方程能够更好地解释土壤呼吸随时间的变化情况,且土壤温度和含水量对于土壤呼吸速率均表现出明显的时滞效应。     

Spatial modeling of solar photovoltaic power plant in Kabul,Afghanistan

Energy planning and solar plant site selections are vital strategic decisions and one of the most complex executive challenges in the interconnected procedures....     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地起伏地形近地层微气象特征

利用2018年10月8日至2019年1月31日塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地起伏地形上高大沙垄高点和低点的温度、相对湿度、风速和大气压同步观测资料,对比分析沙漠起伏地形上秋冬季的微气象特征。结果表明:塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地高大沙垄造成的地形起伏,使得沙垄高点和沙垄低点气温、比湿和风速日变化差异明显。沙垄高点和沙垄低点气温差异主要体现在夜间,与沙漠腹地夜间存在逆温现象有关,表现出沙垄高点气温明显高于沙垄低点,观测期气温差异平均值为6.6 ℃。沙垄低点气温日较差高于沙垄高点。2018年10、11、12月,气温随高度变化出现逆温现象与沙垄高点气温高于沙垄低点气温在时间上相互对应。两个站点比湿较小,平均比湿分别为0.68 g·kg^-1和0.99 g·kg^-1。比湿日变化趋势随季节发生显著变化,主要与大气稳定度增加、冬季水汽增多及夜间逆湿现象逐渐显著相关。地形位置较高的沙垄高点风速比沙垄低点大,风速差异主要体现在夜间。2018年11月2、14、15、20日和2019年1月30日,沙垄高点风速维持在1.9~4.6 m·s^-1,平均3.2 m·s^-1,沙垄低点风速维持在0.8~4\^5 m·s^-1,平均2.5 m·s^-1。     

Cr(VI) Immobilization Process in a Cr‐Spiked Soil by Zerovalent Iron Nanoparticles: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology

The response surface methodology involving the five‐level central composite design (CCD) was employed to model and optimize the Cr(VI) immobilization process in a Cr‐spiked soil using starch‐stabilized zerovalent iron nanoparticles (ZVIn). ZVIn were synthesized via a borohydride reduction method and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All Cr(VI) immobilization experiments were conducted in a batch system. The variables for the CCD optimization were the ZVIn dosage (% w/w), reaction time (min), and initial Cr(VI) concentration in soil (mg/kg). The predicted response values by the second‐order polynomial model were found to be in good agreement with experimental values (R² = 0.968 and adj‐R² = 0.940). The optimization result showed that the Cr(VI) immobilization efficiency presented the maximal result (90.63%) at the following optimal conditions: ZVIn dosage of 1.5% w/w, reaction time of 60 min, and an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 400 mg/kg.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠塔中与巴丹吉林沙漠拐子湖地表辐射特征对比

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中和巴丹吉林沙漠北缘拐子湖两个陆气通量监测站2013年2月-2014年1月地面辐射观测数据及相应气象资料,对比分析塔中和拐子湖两地的太阳辐射通量和地表反照率差异特征,同时也探究了两地太阳辐射通量和地表反照率与太阳高度角之间的关系。结果表明：（1）塔中和拐子湖两地各辐射通量均呈较为同步的季节变化特征;具有太阳辐射优势的塔中地区因沙尘天气的影响在部分月份地表总辐射小于拐子湖地区;拐子湖由于地表沙粒相对较粗且包含大量透明度较高的石英颗粒,地表反照率和反射辐射均大于塔中地区;两地各辐射通量月平均日变化均呈现出标准倒"U"型结构;（2）拐子湖较粗的地表沙粒导致沙尘天气过后不易形成浮尘,沙尘天气过后各辐射通量恢复至发生之前的状态较塔中地区迅速;（3）两地太阳高度角夏季最大,冬季最小,最大值均可达75°左右,最小值塔中和拐子湖地区分别为45°和40°;各辐射通量随着太阳高度角的升高而增加,地表反照率随之减小,但受多种因素影响各辐射通量最大值并未出现在太阳高度角最大的时候。     

Determination of sediment deposition of Hasanlar Dam using bathymetric and remote sensing studies

Natural Hazards - Hasanlar Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant are located on Küçük Melen Creek in the Western Black Sea Basin of Turkey. The dam was constructed in 1974 to provide...