阿拉伯海上层海温的双峰特征

利用全球海洋Argo网格数据集、SODA月平均海洋数据集和CCMP风场数据,通过EOF分析,揭示了阿拉伯海5、50、100、200 m层海温全年2次增温、2次降温的双峰变化特征.结果表明,5 m层温度变化双峰信号出现在第一模态,其方差贡献率为75.79%,该信号主要受风场、太阳辐射及风生环流影响;50 m层温度变化双峰信号出现在第三模态,其方差贡献率为11.95%,该信号主要受风生环流影响;100 m层温度变化双峰信号出现在第一模态和第三模态,其中第一模态方差贡献率为52.03%,第三模态方差贡献率为9.55%.由100 m层第一模态可知,100 m层温度变化幅度最大、变化范围最广,是由于100 m层处于海洋温度变化最为剧烈的温跃层中.100 m层海温变化主要受风应力旋度(方向:向上为正)影响,风应力旋度为负时,大气对海洋的强迫导致局地海水辐合,温跃层加深,100 m层部分海域温度升高;风应力旋度为正时,大气对海洋的抽吸导致局地海水辐散,海洋深处的冷水上升,100 m层部分海域温度降低.     

State of the art and practice of pavement anti-icing and de-icing techniques

Pavement snow and icing are worldwide problems, but effective countermeasures are just beginning to be developed in China. The two most common snow and ice removal methods are mechanical clearance and chemical melting, and the advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed here, including environmental and structural damage caused by corrosive snow melting agents. New developments in chemical melting agents and mechanical equipment are discussed, and an overview of alternative thermal melting systems is presented, including the use of geothermy and non-geothermal heating systems utilizing solar energy, electricity, conductive pavement materials, and infrared/microwave applications. Strategic recommendations are made for continued enhancement of public safety in snow and ice conditions.     

高斯曲线优化能见度与气溶胶光学厚度转换模型

大气气溶胶是影响对地观测定量精度的最主要不确定性因素。随着定量遥感的发展,对气溶胶光学厚度数据的精度提出了更高要求。在广泛应用的基于辐射传输模型大气校正研究中,需要输入气溶胶光学厚度等关键参数,但与对地观测影像数据同时相的气溶胶光学厚度获取较难,而水平能见度作为表征气溶胶光学特性的间接参数可通过广泛分布的气象台站获得,可将能见度转换得到的气溶胶光学厚度数据作为同时相数据输入传输模型进行大气校正计算。本文以实测的能见度和气溶胶光学厚度数据为基础,通过拟合气溶胶标高其随时间的变化对Peterson模型进行了修正。对修正后的模型进行精度验证得到RMSE为0.254,结果表明优化的模型对精度有较大提升。     

西南地区夏季大气水汽含量及其与南亚高压关系

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心 (ECMWF) 提供的ERA-interim高分辨率资料,借助经验正交函数 (EOF) 分解、距平合成和相关分析等方法,讨论1979—2014年我国西南地区夏季大气水汽含量的时空变化特征及其与南亚高压的关系。研究结果表明:我国西南地区夏季大气水汽含量空间分布形态主要有全区一致型、南北振荡型和东西振荡型。全区一致型 (EOF1) 能够反映西南地区夏季水汽含量的主要特征,西南地区夏季大气水汽含量具有明显的年际变化特征;西南地区夏季大气水汽含量与南亚高压强度指数、面积指数及东伸指数均存在非常显著的正相关关系;南亚高压的异常偏强,有利于南海地区水汽向西南地区输送,且在西南地区气流由低层向高层的上升运动显著增强,引起西南地区大气水汽含量的异常偏多。     

江西香炉山矽卡岩型钨矿床流体包裹体研究

从江西西北部至安徽南部发育一条显著的斑岩-矽卡岩型钨成矿带,香炉山是其中一典型的矽卡岩钨矿床。矿床具有明显的矿化分带特征,由近接触带矽卡岩和云英岩矿体和远接触带脉状石英-硫化物-白钨矿和透镜状矿体组成。通过对不同蚀变带上矿石矿物和脉石矿物的流体包裹体显微测温分析表明:矽卡岩中的流体包裹体的均一温度范围在209～383℃,脉状石英-白钨矿和石英-硫化物-白钨矿中流体包裹体的均一温度范围分别为163～278℃和204～284℃,晚期方解石脉的温度最低为143～235℃;矽卡岩中的流体包裹体的盐度范围在0.35%～5.26%NaCleqv,脉状石英-白钨矿和石英-硫化物-白钨矿中流体包裹体的盐度范围分别为0.35%～5.86%NaCleqv和0.70%～9.21%NaCleqv,晚期方解石脉的盐度为0.35%～2.07%NaCleqv。激光拉曼探针测试表明,矽卡岩、石英-白钨矿脉和石英-硫化物-白钨矿脉中流体包裹体组分主要为H2O,还含有一定量CH4和少量的N2。从早期到晚期成矿阶段表现为一个降温的过程,指明了钨成矿温度较宽泛;钨在流体中可能以钨酸的形式运移,与围岩反应时,温度降低和碱性升高,促使白钨矿沉淀成矿。早期到晚期成矿流体温度和物质组成发生变化是成矿发生分带的重要原因。     

江西相山铀矿田如意亭剖面火山岩的年代学格架及其地质意义

江西相山铀矿田如意亭剖面最底部的熔结凝灰岩代表了相山火山-侵入活动的开始时间,本文首次报导了该熔结凝灰岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果,得出其形成年龄为137.3±0.9Ma,表明相山火山-侵入活动开始于早白垩世。此外,对如意亭剖面的两个流纹英安岩样品的锆石U-Pb定年结果分别是136.8±2.5Ma和136.4±1.5Ma,对采自如意亭剖面的流纹英安斑岩的锆石U-Pb定年结果是135.0±2.0Ma,对采自如意亭剖面的碎斑熔岩的定年结果是134.1±1.6Ma,这些定年结果结合前人已有的研究,得出相山火山-侵入杂岩的形成时代集中在135Ma左右（137~132Ma）,再次证实了相山火山-侵入活动始于早白垩世,是一次集中且短暂的火山-侵入活动。本文对如意亭剖面的定年结果证实相山地区打鼓顶组和鹅湖岭组的火山岩地层应属于早白垩世。然而赣杭构造带上原先所划分的打鼓顶组与鹅湖岭组火山岩形成的时间与武夷山北坡冷水坑盆地中火山岩系并不相同,因此,打鼓顶组与鹅湖岭组地层在区域上应予重新厘定。     

Transition probability/Markov chain analyses of DNAPL source zones and plumes

At sites where a dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) was spilled or released into the subsurface, estimates of the mass of DNAPL contained in the subsurface from core or monitoring well data, either in the nonaqueous or aqueous phase, can be highly uncertain because of the erratic distribution of the DNAPL due to geologic heterogeneity. In this paper, a multiphase compositional model is applied to simulate, in detail, the DNAPL saturations and aqueous-phase plume migration in a highly characterized, heterogeneous glaciofluvial aquifer, the permeability and porosity data of which were collected by researchers at the University of Tübingen, Germany. The DNAPL saturation distribution and the aqueous-phase contaminant mole fractions are then reconstructed by sampling the data from the forward simulation results using two alternate approaches, each with different degrees of sampling conditioning. To reconstruct the DNAPL source zone architecture, the aqueous-phase plume configuration, and the contaminant mass in each phase, one method employs the novel transition probability/Markov chain approach (TP/MC), while the other involves a traditional variogram analysis of the sampled data followed by ordinary kriging. The TP/MC method is typically used for facies and/or hydraulic conductivity reconstruction, but here we explore the applicability of the TP/MC method for the reconstruction of DNAPL source zones and aqueous-phase plumes. The reconstructed geometry of the DNAPL source zone, the dissolved contaminant plume, and the estimated mass in each phase are compared using the two different geostatistical modeling approaches and for various degrees of data sampling from the results of the forward simulation. It is demonstrated that the TP/MC modeling technique is robust and accurate and is a preferable alternative compared to ordinary kriging for the reconstruction of DNAPL saturation patterns and dissolved-phase contaminant plumes.     

水深梯度对苦草(Vallisneria natans)克隆生长与觅食行为的影响

为了解水深梯度对苦草克隆生长与觅食行为的影响,通过大型原位浮台实验,将苦草幼苗盆栽后悬挂在不同水深(1.0、2.5、4.0、5.5、7.0 m)下培养,比较其生物量、无性系分株数、出芽数、株高、最大根长和匍匐茎总长的变化,并且评估了植株生物量对这些性状的影响.研究结果表明,随水深的增加苦草的生物量、无性系分株数、出芽数、最大根长、匍匐茎总长均显著降低,而株高随水深梯度呈先增加后降低的趋势.植株生物量仅对出芽数没有显著影响.水深梯度与植株生物量的交互作用仅对无性系分株数和匍匐茎总长有显著影响,而对其他性状没有显著影响,说明这两个性状对水深的响应受到个体发育的影响.     

The masers of E-type methanol in orion KL and SGR B2

Using a simplified model the statistical equilibrium and radiative transfer equations of E-type-CH₃OH are solved for Orion KL and SgrB2. According to our calculation results and the observation data taken by Matsakiset al. (1980) and Morimotoet al. (1985a, b), the physical conditions of both sources are estimated. In theJ ₂-J ₁ E methanol maser region of Orion KL, the density, kinetic temperature, dust temperature, and the fractional abundance are 0.8–2×10⁶ cm^–3, 150, 30–90 K, 0.8–8×10^–6. In the 4_–1-3₀ E and 5_–1-4₀ E methanol maser region of Sgr B2 the correspondance physical conditions above are 10⁴ cm³, 45, 23 K, and 7×10^–7, respectively.     

辽宁北部秀水盆地秀D1井孢粉组合及其地层意义

孢粉化石采自辽宁省北部秀水盆地的秀D1井,分析、鉴定和系统研究结果表明,来自秀D1井井深62.1~1089.7m的孢粉化石自下而上划分为3个孢粉组合,下部孢粉组合(井深703.85~1089.7m)以Osmundacidites-Klukisporites-Podocarpidites为代表,地质时代为晚侏罗世堤塘期(Tithonian),中部孢粉组合(井深381.5~699.3m)以Densoisporites-Cicatricosisporites-Piceaepollenites为代表,地质时代为早白垩世贝里阿斯期(Berriassian),上部孢粉组合(井深62.1~339m)以Cicatricosisporites-Impardecispora-Pinuspollenites为代表,地质时代为早白垩世凡兰吟期—欧特里夫期(Valanginian-Hauterivian)。秀D1井钻遇地层所含孢粉组合特征在区域上可以与冀北地区大北沟组,辽宁西部地区下白垩统义县组、九佛堂组,松辽盆地东南缘下白垩统火石岭组、沙河子组所产的孢粉组合对比。含孢粉组合地层时代的确定解决了井柱地层的划分,以及与区域地层的对比关系,同时为区域地层古生物研究提供了翔实的基础资料。