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151.
152.
Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are challenging objects to detect using automated techniques, due to their high velocity and
diffuse, irregular morphology. A necessary step to automating the detection process is to first remove the subjectivity introduced
by the observer used in the current, standard, CME detection and tracking method. Here we describe and demonstrate a multiscale
edge detection technique that addresses this step and could serve as one part of an automated CME detection system. This method
provides a way to objectively define a CME front with associated error estimates. These fronts can then be used to extract
CME morphology and kinematics. We apply this technique to a CME observed on 18 April 2000 by the Large Angle Solar COronagraph
experiment (LASCO) C2/C3 and a CME observed on 21 April 2002 by LASCO C2/C3 and the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE). For the two examples in this work, the heights determined by the standard manual method are larger than those determined
with the multiscale method by ≈10% using LASCO data and ≈20% using TRACE data. 相似文献
153.
154.
Surface films on marsh creeks form water-air interfaces of high biological activity. The development, movement, deposition, and breakup of the tidal creek surface film in a naturalSpartima alterniflora-dominated salt marsh in Delaware were followed seasonally over tidal cycles. The metabolic activity, i.e., photosynthesis and respiration, of the surface film and underlying water were determined in the field at the time of peak film formation, just prior to high tide, and the particulate material and chlorophylla were quantified over the tidal cycles. The quantities of organic and inorganic components of the particulate material were all significantly higher in the surface film than in the underlying water (on a volume basis). Numbers of algal cells and quantities of chlorophyll were orders of magnitude greater in the surface film than in the water column. Photosynthesis and respiration were significantly higher in the surface film than in the underlying water. The spectrum of fatty acids was more diverse and their total content was significantly greater in the surface film than in the water column, indicating a concentrated food source contributed by the film as well as a biological richness of the film. When water in the creek flooded the marsh plain at high tide, film deposition was greatest on simulated creek bankS. alterniflora stems, compared to stems along rivulets in the marsh and those in the marsh plain. Using surface film dry weight measurements on an areal basis and film velocity in the creek, both measured throughout a tidal cycle during the summer, it was determined that approximately 12 kg (dry weight) of particulate material moved on the creek surface (2 m wide) past a given point on the flood tide, and 14 kg moved in the opposite direction on the ebb tide. The biological and physical data collected in this study illuminate the contribution of the surface film to the biological (food web) and physical (sediment transport and deposition) functions of a salt marsh. 相似文献
155.
Sea-water intrusion is actively contaminating fresh groundwater reserves in the coastal aquifers of the Pioneer Valley, north-eastern Australia. A three-dimensional sea-water intrusion model has been developed using the MODHMS code to explore regional-scale processes and to aid assessment of management strategies for the system. A sea-water intrusion potential map, produced through analyses of the hydrochemistry, hydrology and hydrogeology, offsets model limitations by providing an alternative appraisal of susceptibility. Sea-water intrusion in the Pioneer Valley is not in equilibrium, and a potential exists for further landward shifts in the extent of saline groundwater. The model required consideration of tidal over-height (the additional hydraulic head at the coast produced by the action of tides), with over-height values in the range 0.5–0.9 m giving improved water-table predictions. The effect of the initial water-table condition dominated the sensitivity of the model to changes in the coastal hydraulic boundary condition. Several salination processes are probably occurring in the Pioneer Valley, rather than just simple landward sea-water advancement from “modern” sources of marine salts. The method of vertical discretisation (i.e. model-layer subdivision) was shown to introduce some errors in the prediction of water-table behaviour. 相似文献
156.
Remediation of piled foundations against lateral spreading by passive site stabilization technique 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ahmet Pamuk Patricia M. Gallagher Thomas F. Zimmie 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2007,27(9):864-874
Physical modeling tests were conducted on pile foundations to measure the seismic performance of a new ground improvement technology, called passive site stabilization, for use on sites susceptible to liquefaction and liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. The method involves the slow injection of a low-viscosity stabilizer in conjunction with the natural groundwater flow. The effectiveness of the treatment using dilute colloidal silica as the stabilizer was tested by two centrifuge models that simulated soil–pile interaction of a 2×2 end-bearing pile group embedded in a multilayer soil deposit of 10-m thickness. The models utilized a laminar box and involved gently inclined soil profiles with and without the applied soil improvement. Response of the pile groups and the lateral spreading behaviors of the treated and untreated soil under a simulated base shaking were investigated and compared. The results showed that treatment with dilute colloidal silica stabilizer minimized permanent lateral deformations and reduced the liquefaction potential of the soil. Significant reductions occurred in the measured pile bending moments and axial forces because the layer treated with dilute colloidal silica did not liquefy. Thus, the technique can be an alternative to traditional methods of ground improvement. 相似文献
157.
The kelp gull Larus dominicanus is an abundant and highly successful avian predator and scavenger that breeds along the coastline in the Southern Hemisphere, ranging from Antarctica to the tropics. On account of its dietary breadth, wide-ranging foraging strategies, and acclimation to modified landscapes, this species has received considerable attention within the seabird literature over the past 40 years. Furthermore, owing to its ready habituation to human-dominated environments, the species has been used as a bio-indicator of habitat modification. Here we describe new predatory behaviours of the kelp gull on a larger-bodied sympatric mammal species, the Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus, along the coast of Namibia, and discuss our findings as they relate to food web dynamics and behavioural plasticity. 相似文献