电子新技术条件下的地图设计

电子出版系统的参与与电子地图的兴起，是当今地图制图新技术的重要表现。本文讨论了这一新技术对现代地图学的影响，并分析了新技术条件下现代地图设计的特点     

沙地果树节水渗灌技术的试验研究

果树渗灌是灌溉水通过特殊的透性材料持续缓慢地渗入并浸润土壤，借助土壤毛管水运动原理向果树根系供水。干旱地区沙地渗灌能有效地减少地表蒸发、避免无效渗漏造成的水分损失，提高灌溉水利用率，从而达到节水的目的。在沙地果园采用节水渗灌技术，比传统的大水漫灌和沟灌方式分别节水８３．１％和６３．１％。     

青藏高原隆升与环境效应

通过对青藏高原北缘库木库里盆地新生代沉积建造、孢粉、阶地热年龄、沉积响应的调查研究，得出青藏高原新生代的渐新世、上新世和更新世一全新世形成的三套磨拉石建造代表青藏高原最强烈的三次隆升作用；自渐新世以来到上新世晚期高原隆升幅度达1500～2000m，更新世、全新世高原隆升了约2500m，46．4Ka．Bp至今高原隆升了约44m；青藏高原的隆升速率由渐新世开始有愈来愈强烈的趋势，预示青藏高原的隆升是一个多阶段、不等速和非均变的复杂过程；根据库木库里盆地沉积演化揭示青藏高原的隆升经历了早中渐新世早期隆升期、晚渐新世——早中新世早期稳定剥蚀夷平期、早中新世中晚期小幅隆升期、中中新世较稳定剥蚀夷平期、晚中新世振荡隆升期、上新世快速隆升期、更新世一全新世强烈隆升期共七个隆升阶段；并探讨了高原隆升引起的气候干燥、生物灭绝、荒漠化等多种环境效应。     

午后多重极光弧观测研究

本文利用2001-2003年南极中山站175天全天空摄像机观测,对午后多重极光弧的出现率及其与Kp指数的关系进行了统计分析,结果表明午后多重极光弧出现率呈一单峰分布,最大发生率出现在1445UT(1645MLT),其位置在1500MLT极光热点(1300-1700MLT)近夜侧的部分。与地磁活动指数Kp的相关统计分析表明,Kp值为2-3之间时多重极光弧有较大的出现率,这说明中等地磁活动情形下午后多重极光弧有较高的出现率。事件分析表明多重极光弧的强度变化与地磁Pc5脉动具有较高的相关性,并且有类似的频谱特征,这说明午后多重极光弧可能与同时出现的Pc5地磁脉动有关。     

Using stable isotopes to understand seasonal and interannual dynamics in moisture sources and atmospheric circulation in precipitation

Stable isotopes in precipitation are useful tracers to strengthen understanding of climate change and hydrological processes. In this study, the moisture sources of 190 precipitation events in Beijing were analysed using the Hybrid Single‐particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model, based on which we studied the relation between variations in precipitation δ¹⁸O and dynamics in moisture sources and atmospheric circulation in seasonal and interannual timescales. Categorization of 7 groups of moisture sources was performed, among which oceanic moisture sources presented lower δ¹⁸O in precipitation than continental moisture sources. The results show that seasonal variations of precipitation δ¹⁸O were caused by changes of moisture sources. In summer, moisture from proximal oceans dominated vapour transport to Beijing due to increasing monsoon strength and resulted in a relatively small variation of precipitation δ¹⁸O. At the interannual timescale, the variations of δ¹⁸O in summer precipitation were related to dynamics in oceanic moistures, showing depleted values when the contribution of oceanic moistures, especially the proportion of long‐distance oceanic moisture, was high. Further analysis indicated that changes of oceanic moisture sources were controlled by the strength of summer monsoons. These findings address the complexity of moisture sources in midlatitude monsoon areas and suggest that isotopic signals in precipitation have the potential to deduce changes in moisture sources and atmospheric circulation and can therefore serve for palaeoclimate reconstruction.     

Fourier-based multi-scale representation and progressive transmission of cartographic curves on the internet

ABSTRACT

Automatic generation of multi-scale representations from the same spatial data source has been the research focus in map generalization for a long time. Based on the Fourier technique, this paper proposes a continuous, multi-scale representation model for progressive transformation of cartographic curves on the Internet. In our method, all the curves, whether closed or open, are depicted as periodical functions which are further expressed as Fourier series. The convergence degrees of the Fourier series are explored for different kinds of curves, and truncating frequencies are derived based on the similarity between the original and reconstructed curves. Using information theory and the Radical Law in cartography, the relationship between map scales and Fourier frequencies is established. Based on the proposed multi-scale model, we also introduce the principles and implementation of a progressive transmission method. Our method is evaluated using the contours from a topographic map. The results show that our model is a valid approach to multi-scale representation of cartographic curves.     

吉林红旗岭镁铁-超镁铁质岩体地球化学特征及其岩石成因意义

红旗岭铜镍硫化物矿床位于兴-蒙造山带东部。矿区出露30多个镁铁-超镁铁质侵入体,主要由橄榄岩、辉石岩和辉(苏)长岩组成。本文通过对红旗岭含矿镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的主、微量及铂族元素(PGE)的研究,探讨了红旗岭岩体成矿母岩浆性质、PGE亏损的原因以及岩体形成的构造环境。全岩主、微量元素地球化学分析表明,红旗岭岩体具有高MgO(平均28.75%)、低TiO2(平均0.44%),富集轻稀土元素(LREE)、亏损高场强元素(HFSE),极低ΣPGE(平均2.08×10~(-9))和高Cu/Pd(平均2916×10~3)的特征。岩石样品显示相似的微量和PGE配分模式,表明其来源于相同的岩浆源区。根据橄榄石-熔体平衡及质量平衡原理估算出红旗岭母岩浆为高镁玄武质岩浆(MgO=10.74%、FeO=7.78%)。红旗岭母岩浆在早期演化过程中发生硫化物熔离作用导致了红旗岭含矿岩体PGE的极度亏损。结合中亚造山带东段构造演化历史,本文认为红旗岭岩体形成于晚三叠世碰撞后伸展环境,矿床的形成受到了古亚洲洋俯冲结束后板片断离的影响。     

A modified mix-differenced approach for estimating multi-GNSS real-time satellite clock offsets

A modified mixed-differenced approach for estimating multi-GNSS real-time clock offsets is presented. This approach, as compared to the earlier presented mixed-differenced approach which uses epoch-differenced and undifferenced observations, further adds a satellite-differenced process. The proposed approach, based on real-time orbit products and a mix of epoch-differenced and satellite-differenced observations to estimate only satellite clock offsets and tropospheric zenith wet delays, has fewer estimated parameters than other approaches, and thus its implementing procedure is efficient and can be performed and extended easily. To obtain high accuracy, the approach involves three steps. First, the high-accuracy tropospheric zenith wet delay of each station is estimated using mixed-differenced carrier phase observations. Second, satellite clock offset changes between adjacent epochs are estimated using also mixed-differenced carrier phase observations. Third, the satellite clock offsets at the initial epoch are estimated using satellite-differenced pseudorange observations. Finally, the initial epoch clock results and clock offset changes are concatenated to obtain the clock results of the current epoch. To validate the real-time satellite clock results, multi-GNSS post-processing clock products from IGS ACs were selected for comparison. From the comparison, the standard deviations of the GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou and Galileo systems clock results are approximately 0.1–0.4 ns, except for the BeiDou GEO satellites. The root mean squares are about 0.4–2.3 ns, which are similar to those of other international real-time products. When the clock estimates were assessed based on a pseudo-kinematic PPP procedure, the positioning accuracies in the East, North and Up components reach 5.6, 5.5 and 7.6 cm, respectively, which meet the centimeter level and are comparable to the application of other products.     

Integration of zircon and apatite U–Pb geochronology and geochemical mapping of the Wude basalts(Emeishan large igneous province):A tool for a better understanding of the tectonothermal and geodynamic evolution of the Emeishan LIP

Radiogenic isotopic dating and Lu–Hf isotopic composition using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS)of the Wude basalt in Yunnan province from the Emeishan large igneous province(ELIP)yielded timing of formation and post-eruption tectonothermal event.Holistic lithogeochemistry and elements mapping of basaltic rocks were further reevaluated to provide insights into crustal contamination and formation of the ELIP.A zircon U–Pb age of 251.3±2.0 Ma of the Wude basalt recorded the youngest volcanic eruption event and was consistent with the age span of 251-263 Ma for the emplacement of the ELIP.Such zircons hadε_Hf(t)values ranging from7.3 to+2.2,identical to those of magmatic zircons from the intrusive rocks of the ELIP,suggesting that crust-mantle interaction occurred during magmatic emplacement,or crust-mantle mixing existed in the deep source region prior to deep melting.The apatite U–Pb age at 53.6±3.4 Ma recorded an early Eocene magmatic superimposition of a regional tectonothermal event,corresponding to the Indian–Eurasian plate collision.Negative Nb,Ta,Ti and P anomalies of the Emeishan basalt may reflect crustal contamination.The uneven Nb/La and Th/Ta values distribution throughout the ELIP supported a mantle plume model origin.Therefore,the ELIP was formed as a result of a mantle plume which was later superimposed by a regional tectonothermal event attributed to the Indian–Eurasian plate collision during early Eocene.     

2018?2019年舟山近海浮游动物群落结构春季年际变化及其与水团的关系

根据2018?2019年春季两个航次在舟山近海进行的浮游生物调查结果,对舟山近海的浮游动物群落结构(类群组成、优势种数量)年际变化进行了研究,利用典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis, CCA)研究了两年春季浮游动物类群组成差异、优势种变化的原因,初步探讨了春季浮游动物群落结构动态变化的机制。结果表明:根据表层温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)、表层盐度(Sea Surface Salinity,SSS)的聚类分析,将该区域分为3个水团:杭州湾内水团(I区)、舟山本岛上升流水团II区)、舟山近海水团(III区)。不同水团对浮游动物类群组成影响显著,引起2018年和2019年春季3个水团区差异的主要贡献种(贡献率>10%)均为中华哲水蚤,同一水团两年间年际差异的贡献种如下:I区为捷氏歪水蚤(56.91%)和真刺唇角水蚤(12.34%);II区为中华哲水蚤(72.64%)、五角水母(13.35%);III区为中华哲水蚤(41.93%)、夜光虫(22.94%)。CCA分析表明,第1 CCA轴(CCA1)和第2 CCA轴(CCA2)共解释了两年春季浮游动物优势种累计方差的46.14%和物种?环境累计方差的97.82%。CCA1主要反映了空间(近海水团和湾内水团)的差异。CCA2主要反映了2018年和2019年站位的年际差异。盐度是影响春季浮游动物群落结构空间差异的主要因素,而温度、叶绿素a浓度是春季浮游动物群落结构年际差异的主要因素。