Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment cores of Sundarban mangrove wetland, northeastern part of Bay of Bengal (India)

The paper presents the first comprehensive survey of congener profiles (12 congeners) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in core sediment samples (<63 microm) covering seven sites in Sundarban mangrove wetland (India). Gas-chromatographic analyses were carried out in GC-Ms/Ms for tri- to hepta- brominated congeners. Results pointed out a non-homogenous contamination of the wetland with summation operator(12) PBDE values ranging from 0.08 to 29.03 ngg(-1), reflecting moderate to low contamination closely in conformity to other Asian aquatic environments. The general order of decreasing congener contribution to the total load was: BDE 47>99>100>154, similar to the distribution pattern worldwide. Although tetrabromodiphenyl ether BDE 47 was found in all samples followed by hexabromodiphenyl ether BDE-154, they were not necessarily the dominant congeners. No uniform temporal trend on PBDE levels was recorded probably due to particular hydrological characteristics of the wetland and/on non-homologous inputs from point sources (untreated municipal wastewater and local industries, electronic wastes from the dump sites, etc.) of these compounds. Because of the propensity of PBDEs to accumulate in various compartments of wildlife and human food webs, evaluation of biological tissues should be undertaken as a high priority.     

Structural and functional response of meiofauna rocky assemblages to sewage pollution

Despite meiofauna being one of the most popular tool for detecting the ecological effects of different sources of impact, the application of structured experimental designs to this benthic component is typically neglected, especially in subtidal rocky shores. In this study, an asymmetrical design was used to detect hard-bottom meiofaunal abundance and biodiversity response to sewage discharge. Sampling was carried out at a depth of 3-4 m by SCUBA diving, by means of a modified manual corer. Six replicate cores were collected at three sites (80-100 m apart), at each of three locations (one purportedly impacted [I] and two controls [Cs]). A total of 84,994 specimens were collected. The outfall affected meiofaunal assemblages in terms of taxon richness, by determining a significant reduction of the number of taxa in the disturbed location, and community structure, by causing functional changes in terms of a decrease of the abundance of nematodes and an increase of the hydrozoan component. Nematodes and syllid polychaetes showed significant lower average abundance at I. Multivariate analyses showed that both meiofaunal assemblage and syllids were significantly different at I compared with Cs. The sewage outfall also affected patterns of spatial distribution at the scale of site (100 m apart) and of replicate units (centimetres apart), both in syllids and in nematodes. Our results provide evidence that the selection of multiple controls is crucial to prevent the widespread risk of Type II error, highlighting the need of more accurate experimental designs when dealing with meiofauna.     

如何利用和在什么情况下不用MOS指导

近十年来,我们可以看到用模式输出统计(MOS)(见Glnhn和lowry,1972)制作的指导预报日益增加。与这一问题有关的大部份有参考价值的文献,主要讨论预报因子、相关资料的样本容量、预报检验以及其它类似的课题。如何利用这种产品帮助做好台站天气预报,可资参考的文献不多。本文试图弥补上述之不足。在什么情况下不用MOS指导是明确的。如果你不去尽力改善它,就接受MOS指导产品,那么将会导致为Snellman(1978)所详细说明的气象病态。因此,本文讨论应用MOS指导预报的若干重要规则,以及这些规则在几个气象变量,诸如降水概率(POP)、风和温度预报中的应用。     

Aircraft observations of electrical conductivity in warm clouds

Aircraft observations of electrical conductivity and cloud microphsical, dynamical and other electrical parameters were made in warm stratocumulus and cumulus clouds forming during the summer monsoon seasons (June-September) of 1983 and 1985 in the Deccan Plateau region, India. A Gerdien type cylindrical condenser was used for the measurement of electrical conductivity. The variations in the electrical conductivity are observed to be closely associated with the updrafts and downdrafts in the cloud, liquid water content, cloud droplet charge and coro-na discharge current. The value of electrical conductivity in warm clouds is found to be in the order of 10-12 ohm-1 m-1 which is two orders higher than that observed in clear-air at cloud-base levels in some regions by other investigators.Classical static electricity concepts predict reduced conductivity values inside clouds. Cloud electrical conductivi-ty measurements, particularly in warm clouds are few and the results are contradictory. The recently identified mech-anism of vertical mixing in clouds lends support to coovective charge separation mechanism with inherent larger than clear-air values for cloud electrical conductivity and therefore consistent with the measurements reported herein.     

在预警系统中识别多重事件的贝叶斯方法

2011年日本东北地震（MW9.0）发生之后出现了大量余震,使得在主震后的第一个月内发布了70次预警信息。在这些警报中,有不可忽视的部分（63%）都是虚报,其中最大的预期地震烈度被高估了至少两个烈度或更大。这些错误大部分可归因于多个同时发生的余震,而这些余震通常发生在主震之后较短时间及较长距离内。基于考虑在任何给定时间内出现一个以上事件几率的贝叶斯公式,我们提出了一种适用于区分多个同时发生地震的新颖似然函数,其中使用的是振幅信息。同时,我们还使用了序贯蒙特卡罗探试法,这种方法的复杂性随事件个数呈线性增长关系。我们还进一步实施了质点滤波,并用东北地震后的余震记录在经验上验证了其性能。初步的实例研究表明,这个方法在对发生时间相近的多个地震事件进行区分时能达到预期的效果。     

湖泊观测中的自动水下潜水器

This paper proposed the use of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) for lake observation. The performance of the proposed system is demonstrated at the lake Biwa in Japan using the test-bed AUV the "Twin-Burger 2" available at the University of Tokyo. The proposed AUV system is capable of moving autonomously to predetermined locations carrying different kinds of sensing equipment for lake survey and sensors for navigation. In this system, the predetermined path of the AUV is marked by laying an underwater cable. At the lake Biwa the Twin-Burger 2 successfully followed the cable while collecting information on the environment. In situations where the cable was lost from the image a search algorithm was activated and if not recovered the vehicle will come to the surface.     

水晶洞的形成过程

生長着石英晶体的岩洞,通常称作水晶巢或水晶洞。水晶洞与石英脈是有着空間的关係的。已探查过的地區的大多數石英脉僅只包含一个水晶洞。照例,水晶洞是位於石英脈的尖滅之处或其脉壁粘土中。位於石英脉尖減之处的晶洞好像是这些脈沿傾向或走向的延續(圖1)。位於石英脈脈壁粘土中的晶洞,則常位於石英脈的底盤中(圖2)。     

PALEOZOIC CENTERS OF FAUNAL EVOLUTION AND DISPERSAL

In the past, fossil faunas have generally been referred to the continent in which they were first studied. Thus it has been customary to speak of European Silurian or Devonian faunas, or of the North American fauna. This has led to the tacit assumption that these faunas were endemic in those regions,     

钻粒破碎岩石的机械作用

1932—1935年期间,有关钻粒在孔底的作用问题会是广泛研究和探讨的课目,从此便出现了破裂钻粒在破碎岩石上起主要作用的观点;在孔底被钻头研转的同时破裂钻粒便以其锐利的棱角刮磨和削铇岩石。“铁砂极脆井在钻头底唇之下迅速破裂成锐角碎块。碎块在孔底为钻头所研转并以其锐利的棱面尅剥岩石。必须指出,可以使用钢砂和按大小选配过的钢质角粒进行钻进,但是所用之钢料应富有足够的脆性”——B．M．库？明工程师是这样论述钻粒的作