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401.
Geomagnetic storms driven by solar eruptions are known to have significant effects on the total density of the upper atmosphere
in the altitude range 250–1000 km. This in turn causes a measurable effect on the orbits of resident space objects in this
altitude range. We analyzed a sample of these orbits, both from sensor data and from orbital element sets, during the period
surrounding the 14 July 2000 solar activity. We present information concerning the effects of this event on the orbits of
resident space objects and how well accepted atmospheric models were able to represent it. As part of this analysis, we describe
a technique for extracting atmospheric density information from orbital element sets. On daily time scales, the effect of
geomagnetic activity appears to be more important than that of prompt radiation. However, the limitations in time and amplitude
quantization of the accepted solar indices are evident. A limited comparison is also made with previous solar storm events. 相似文献
402.
G. A. Moiseev 《Physical Oceanography》1993,4(3):183-192
The idea of the weak variability of the fields is introduced, which means that when they are recorded by some measuring instrument (MI), the output signal obtains increments of the order of one/several quanta of sensitivity at the discreteness interval. At small scales (microstructure), this field is described in terms of random discrete values which reflect the properties of both the field measured and the MI. Theoretical relationships which define the probabilities of increments at the compound intervals in terms of the probabilities of increments at the sampling intervals, are derived for the case of independent random increments at the sampling intervals of discreteness. The validity of this model is illustrated by respective computations using data of microstructure measurements of the temperature profile in the main thermocline in the Sargasso Sea.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov. 相似文献
403.
An ensemble of twenty-three 14-year experiments conducted with the ECHAM-4 GCM has been examined to test the model's capability
to simulate the principal modes of interannual variability. The integrations were performed under specified monthly SST between
1979–1993. The analysis was focused on the Southern Hemisphere (SH) extratropics. Empirical orthogonal functions analysis
(EOF) using seasonal anomaly fields has been performed to isolate the principal modes that dominate the southern extratropical
variability at the interannual time scale. Leading patterns of 500 hPa geopotential height (z500) have been compared with
those estimated from the ECMWF re-analysis dataset. The model is able to adequately reproduce the spatial pattern of the annular
mode, but it represents the temporal variations of the oscillation less satisfactorily. The model simulation of the Pacific
South American (PSA) pattern is better, both in the shape of the pattern and in the temporal evolution. To verify if the capability
of the model to adequately simulate the temporal oscillation of the propagating patterns is related to the increased influence
of the tropical external forcing, covarying SST-atmospheric modes have been identified by singular value decomposition (SVD).
In winter (July-August-September, JAS) the tropical SST variability is highly correlated with the ENSO mode. In summer (January-February-March,
JFM) the strength of the teleconnections is related to strong westerly anomalies, disrupted by a meridional out of phase relation
near to South America. The large size of the ensemble was exploited by comparing the time-varying model spread and degrees
of freedom of the simulated extratropical circulation. Results show that when the extratropical circulation has a few degrees
of freedom, the reproducibility is relatively low and the ensemble is governed by a fairly robust zonally symmetric structure
of dispersion.
Received: 9 May 2000 / Accepted: 30 January 2001 相似文献
404.
Results are presented for polarimetric observations of 17 red giants and supergiants, of which nine are long-period Mira variables, five are semiregular variables (SR), and three are slowly fluctuating variables (Lb). Light polarization is detected for eight stars, seven of them for the first time.Translated fromAstrofizika, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 385–391, July–September, 1996. 相似文献
405.
We outline the results of a two-dimensional (2D) fit to the light distribution of early-type galaxies belonging to a complete
volume-limited sample and discuss briefly the significant correlations among the structural parameters. In particular we reconfirm
that the lack of structural homology is probably a characteristic of hot stellar systems.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
406.
G. A. Krasinsky 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2002,84(1):27-55
Differential equations describing the tidal evolution of the earth's rotation and of the lunar orbital motion are presented in a simple close form. The equations differ in form for orbits fixed to the terrestrial equator and for orbits with the nodes precessing along the ecliptic due to solar perturbations. Analytical considerations show that if the contemporary lunar orbit were equatorial the evolution would develop from an unstable geosynchronous orbit of the period about 4.42 h (in the past) to a stable geosynchronous orbit of the period about 44.8 days (in the future). It is also demonstrated that at the contemporary epoch the orbital plane of the fictitious equatorial moon would be unstable in the Liapunov's sense, being asymptotically stable at early stages of the evolution. Evolution of the currently near-ecliptical lunar orbit and of the terrestrial rotation is traced backward in time by numerical integration of the evolutional equations. It is confirmed that about 1.8 billion years ago a critical phase of the evolution took place when the equatorial inclination of the moon reached small values and the moon was in a near vicinity of the earth. Before the critical epoch t
cr
two types of the evolution are possible, which at present cannot be unambiguously distinguished with the help of the purely dynamical considerations. In the scenario that seems to be the most realistic from the physical point of view, the evolution also has started from a geosynchronous equatorial lunar orbit of the period 4.19 h. At t < t
cr
the lunar orbit has been fixed to the precessing terrestrial equator by strong perturbations from the earth's flattening and by tidal effects; at the critical epoch the solar perturbations begin to dominate and transfer the moon to its contemporary near-ecliptical orbit which evolves now to the stable geosynchronous state. Probably this scenario is in favour of the Darwin's hypothesis about originating the moon by its separation from the earth. Too much short time scale of the evolution in this model might be enlarged if the dissipative Q factor had somewhat larger values in the past than in the present epoch. Values of the length of day and the length of month, estimated from paleontological data, are confronted with the results of the developed model. 相似文献
407.
We briefly describe an advanced 3D gas dynamical model developed for the simulation of theenvironment of active cometary nuclei.
The model canhandle realistic nucleus shapes and alternative physical models for the gas and dust production mechanism.The
inner gas coma structure is computed by solving self-consistently(a) near to the surface the Boltzman Equation(b) outside
of it, Euler or Navier-Stokes equations.The dust distribution is computed from multifluid ``zero-temperature' Euler equations,extrapolated
with the help of a Keplerian fountain model.The evolution of the coma during the nucleus orbital and spin motion,is computed
as a succession of quasi-steady solutions. Earlier versions of the model using simple,``paedagogic' nuclei have demonstrated
that the surface orographyand the surface inhomogeneity contribute similarly to structuring the near-nucleusgas and dust coma,casting
a shadow on the automatic attribution of such structures to ``active areas'.The model was recently applied to comet P/Halley,
for whichthe nucleus shape is available. In the companion paper of this volume,we show that most near-nucleus dust structuresobserved
during the 1986 Halley flybys are reproduced, assuming that the nucleus is strictly homogeneous. Here, we investigate the
effect of shape perturbations and homogeneityperturbations. We show that the near nucleus gas coma structure is robust vis-a-vissuch
effects. In particular, a random distribution of active and inactive areaswould not affect considerably this structure, suggesting that such areas,even if present, could not be easily identified on images
of the coma. 相似文献
408.
Our current understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of interplan etary neutral hydrogen is currently limited to a comparison of Lyman-σ photometric data with predictions of the solar backscattered radiation using theoretical models. In this paper, how the uncertainties in current model calculations could be reduced through the future use of polarization measurements made from interplanetary spacecraft is investigated. In particular, inquiry into how a mapping of the degree of linear polarization made from a spacecraft at various locations in the Solar System can improve knowledge of the interstellar wind parameters, number density, temperature, and velocity, is made. A polarization measurement can, in principle, be made with very high precision. In this regard, being a relative quantity, a polarization measurement can be made independent of instrumental calibration and long-term sensitivity degredation. Furthermore, the sky distribution of both intensity and polarization has been calculated using a variety of models for the neutral hydrogen. It is found that the polarization distribution over the sky is quite different from that of the intensity distribution. It is also showed that the maximum degree of polarization of the Laymam-σ line increases with heliocentric distance of the spacecraft, varying from 0 up to ~ 18% at 20 AU. 相似文献
409.
The quadrupole mass spectrometer flown by the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory on STS-4 in 1982 detected large intensities of several ions, primarily O+, H2O+ and H3O+, with energies less than 1.5 e V with respect to the Shuttle Orbiter. Ion-molecule reactions and non-reactive scattering between the outgassing neutral flux from the Orbiter surfaces and the ambient ionic species are identified as the primary source of these low energy ions. 相似文献
410.
The propagation of axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamic waves near the equatorial plane of the crust of a neutron star in a transverse magnetic field is considered. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the equatorial plane. The magnetic fields and electric currents excited by this wave beam at the stellar surface are determined. 相似文献