菲律宾Zambales蛇绿岩套的再研究：对其特提斯来源的启示

A number of geological studies have already been conducted on the Zambales Ophiolite Complex (ZOC), a north-south trending complete ophiolite sequence exposed in the western portion of Central Luzon, Philippines. Previous works recognized the ZOC as being made up of two blocks, the Acoje and the Coto, acting as an arc-back arc pair sometime during the Eocene.     

活体珊瑚微量元素对硼同位素组成影响及硼掺入珊瑚的形式

为确定元素 B 掺入进珊瑚的形式、B(OH)与 B(OH)3间的分馏系数及珊瑚中微量元素对硼同位素?4组成的影响,对北海涠洲岛、海南三亚和雷州半岛灯楼角三地活体珊瑚的 Mg、Sr、Na、Ca、B 浓度及硼同位素组成(δ11Bcoral)进行了测定.结果表明,涠洲岛、三亚和灯楼角三地珊瑚的 Mg、Sr、Na 和 Ca 浓度平均值分别为40.1 mmol/L、86.1 mmol/L、449 mmol/L 和12.1 mol/L.珊瑚中 B 浓度的变化范围为4.4~8.4 mmol/L,平均值为5.9 mmol/L.Ca、Sr 在珊瑚中明显富集,而 Mg 在珊瑚中贫化.珊瑚 B 浓度的变化主要反映了珊瑚生长时海水 pH 值的变化.δ11Bcoral 的变化范围为22.8‰~27.9‰,平均为25.2‰.除与 B 浓度呈弱正相关关系外,δ11Bcoral 与其他四种元素不相关.应用珊瑚硼同位素组成恢复古海水 pH 值时选择同属种珊瑚和判别是否有 Mg(OH)2的存在是必要的.涠洲岛、灯楼角和三亚三地珊瑚与海水间的硼同位素分馏系数αcoral-sw 分别为0.9839、0.9847和0.9850.计算得到的珊瑚与海水 B(OH)3间的分馏系数αcoral-3的变化范围为0.9772~0.9800,平均值为0.9788.该新的α4-3值是准确的,可以用来反演古海水 pH 值.αcoral-sw 和αcoral-3随pH 值的升高分别呈现出增大和减小的变化趋势.珊瑚的平均δ11Bcoral 位于理论计算的δ11B4和δ11B3曲线之间,而且都低于原始合成海水的δ11B.这些都表明 B 以 B(OH)3和B(OH)两种形式以变化的比例同时掺入进?4珊瑚,并以B(OH)优先掺入为主.计算得到有0.1%~5.5%(平均值为2.2%)的 B(OH)3掺入进珊瑚中.由于?4 B(OH)3同时掺入进生物碳酸盐,δ11Bcarb=δ11B4的假设不能成立,由所测生物碳酸盐δ11Bcarb 值计算的海水 pH值将产生误差,使δ11B-pH 技术变得更为复杂.通过无机碳酸盐沉积或有孔虫或珊瑚的养殖实验(或者野外观测实验)建立用于重建古海水 pH 值的δ11Bcarb-pH 经验方程是今后的一项重要任务.     

The use of benthic macroinvertebrates to establish a benchmark for evaluating the environmental quality of microtidal, temperate southern hemisphere estuaries

Establishment of a benchmark against which deleterious changes to an estuary can be evaluated requires validating that it has not been subjected to detrimental anthropogenic perturbations and then identifying the biological features which are indicative of a pristine condition and can thus be employed as indicators for detecting and monitoring departures from the natural state. The characteristics of the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of an essentially pristine, seasonally-open estuary in Western Australia (Broke Inlet) have been determined and compared with those previously recorded for a nearby eutrophic, seasonally-open estuary (Wilson Inlet). Density was far lower in Broke than Wilson. Compositions differed radically at all taxonomic levels, with polychaetes contributing less, and crustaceans more, to the abundance in Broke. Average taxonomic distinctness was greater for Broke than both Wilson and 16 other temperate southern hemisphere estuaries, whereas the reverse was true for variation in taxonomic distinctness, emphasizing that Broke Inlet is pristine.     

稳定氯同位素及其应用地球化学研究

稳定氯同位素的分馏作用有限,同位素比值变化小,测定精度要求高。在很长一段时期内,人们一直未能发现自然界稳定氯同位素组成的变化。随着测定技术的不断发展,氯同位素的分馏效应逐渐得到证实,并引起了人们的广泛关注。国内外学者已将氯同位素应用于海水、地表河流水、地下水、盐湖、古代蒸发岩(盐)和热液矿床等方面的地球化学研究中,对水体演化和矿床成因进行了较为深入的探讨和分析,并取得了一定的研究进展。这些研究工作充分表明氯同位素在水体演化和成矿理论研究以及矿产勘查等方面有着独特优势,尤其在我国开展蒸发岩(盐)氯同位素地球化学研究具有很大的发展潜力和广阔的应用前景。但氯同位素的应用地球化学研究目前尚处于发展时期,更深入的研究还有待于测定方法的进一步完善以及对不同地球化学体系氯同位素的系统测定和研究。     

The nested superblock approach for regional-scale analytic element models

A new approach is presented for improving the computational efficiency of regional-scale ground water models based on the analytic element method (AEM). The algorithm is an extension of the existing "superblock" algorithm, which combines the effects of multiple analytic elements into Laurent series and Taylor series (superblock expansions). With the new "nested superblock" formulation, Laurent series are nested in a hierarchical (quad-tree) data structure with direct mathematical relationships between parent and child superblock coefficients. Nested superblocks significantly accelerate the evaluation of the complex potential and discharge function in models that contain a large number of analytic elements at multiple scales. This evaluation process, the primary computational cost of AEM models, is required to determine the element coefficients, generate contour plots, and trace pathlines. The performance of the nested superblocks is demonstrated with a simplified model based on the Lake Ontario watershed geometry comprising thousands of hydrogeologic features at multiple geographic scales.     

南海全新世大暖期海表水的高酸性证据

利用正热电离质谱高精度测定了南海化石珊瑚样品的δ¹¹B 比值,定量地重建了中晚全新世以来南海海表水的pH值。结果显示南海海表水pH值并不像预先设想的那样稳定。其中古海水pH值最低为6100aB.P.前的7.91;   最高为4300aB.P.前和1200aB.P.前的8.29。南海海表水pH值从全新世大暖期开始,整体上呈缓慢增加趋势,而到现代以后明显下降。珊瑚δ¹¹B记录表明南海海表水在中晚全新世有两个高酸性的时期,一个发生在全新世大暖期,一个为现代。全新世大暖期时南海出现的高海平面、偏强的东亚夏季风和偏弱的冬季风可能是导致其海表水出现高酸性的原因。现代南海海表水pH值显著偏低,背离了中晚全新世以来南海海表水pH值逐渐增加的趋势,这很可能说明人类大量排放的CO₂确实改变了南海海表水自然变化的规律,南海在变酸。     

东南极拉斯曼丘陵富硼岩系中硅硼镁铝矿-柱晶石-电气石矿物的硼同位素组成及其意义

东南极拉斯曼丘陵地区麻粒岩相岩石中出露一套罕见的含硅硼镁铝矿-柱晶石-电气石矿物组合的富硼岩系.由于高级变质作用已使原岩的性质难以确定,变质原岩及其形成环境的恢复变得十分困难,而硼同位素组成则可以作为判定硼来源的有效示踪剂和指相标志.报道了东南极拉斯曼丘陵硅硼镁铝矿-柱晶石-电气石富硼岩系的硼同位素组成资料,其δ11B值变化范围为-12.0‰～-34.6‰,硼同位素的低比值和其他地质证据表明,其原岩为非海相蒸发硼酸盐岩.     

Long term monitoring for oil in the Exxon Valdez spill region

In the aftermath of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, a Long Term Environmental Monitoring Program (LTEMP) has been regularly sampling mussels (and some sediments) for polycyclic aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons (PAH and SHC) at sites in Port Valdez, Prince William Sound, and the nearby Gulf of Alaska region. After 1999, a decreasing trend appears in total PAH (TPAH) in tissues at all sites with current values below 100 ng/g dry weight (many below 50 ng/g). Currently, most samples reflect a predominantly dissolved-phase signal. This new low in TPAH likely represents ambient background levels. Synchrony in TPAH time-series and similarities in the hydrocarbon signatures portray regional-scale dynamics. The five inner Prince William Sound sites show similar composition and fluctuations that are different from the three Gulf of Alaska sites. The two Port Valdez sites represent a unique third region primarily influenced by the treated ballast water discharge from the Alyeska Marine Terminal. Prince William Sound has reverted to a stable environment of extremely low level contamination in which local perturbations are easily detected.     

无机碳酸盐沉积的硼同位素分馏——B（OH）3掺入碳酸盐的证据

进行了高pH（8．96～9．34）海水的无机碳酸盐沉积实验,测定了沉积碳酸盐的硼同位素分馏．结果表明,碳酸盐和海水B（OH）3间的硼同位素分馏系数（αcarb-3）变化范围是0．937—0．965,平均值为0．953．这些结果与Sanyal等报道的结果都表明碳酸盐与溶液B（OH）3间的硼同位素分馏系数磁αcarb-3不是恒定的,而是与溶液pH呈现负相关关系．测定的碳酸盐沉积的硼同位素组成（δ^11Bcarb）并未都落在最佳的理论δ^11B4-pH曲线上,并且与任何已知δ^11B4-pH理论曲线不平行．因此有理由断定,随海水pH的变化,将有变化分数的B（OH）3掺入进碳酸盐中,但仍以B（OH）4^-掺入为主．因此在采用海洋生物碳酸盐硼同位素重建古海水pH时,应用B（OH）4-和B（OH）3间理论的硼同位素分馏系数（α4-3）是不适当的,同时有必要建立一种经验方程．     

南海珊瑚礁硼同位素组成及其环境意义

采用正热电离质谱方法测定了中国南海诸岛７０００ａ以来的珊瑚礁的硼同位素的硼含量。讨论了珊瑚礁中硼同位素 硼含量,Ｐ不管不顾忻代等参数的关系。结果表明,所测定的珊瑚礁硼同位素组成变化范围为２２．７￣２４．８‰,并且与珊瑚 硼含量呈正相关关系。根据硼同位素与海水ＰＨ值的关系计算出过去７０００ａ南海泊ＰＨ值变化８．１０￣８．４１。初步探讨了硼同位素组成与南海海平面变化的关系。