700年以来冲绳海槽西南部粘土矿物来源及其对沉积环境的响应

利用X射线衍射（XRD）技术对冲绳海槽南部HOBAB4-S2站700年以来的黏土矿物组成以及结晶学特征进行了研究和分析,并对该区的沉积特征、物质来源以及黏土矿物所记录的东亚季风的演化历史进行了探讨。研究发现冲绳海槽南部HOBAB4-S2站黏土矿物组合总体是以伊利石（59–77 %,平均含量69 %）和绿泥石（11–17 %,平均含量14 %）为主,而蒙脱石（5–23 %,平均含量12 %）和高岭石含量（2–6 %,平均含量4 %）则相对较低。通过黏土矿物研究对物源进行分析,发现冲绳海槽南部研究站位的黏土矿物中,蒙脱石主要是来自于长江或者东海大陆架的再沉积。伊利石,绿泥石以及高岭石主要来自于台湾河流,尤其是兰阳溪。蒙脱石/（伊利石+绿泥石）比值的大小可以用来指示东亚夏季风的强弱变化。1320 AD以来的黏土矿物组合的变化较好地记录了部分中世纪暖期后期、小冰期以及现代暖期3个时期在百年时间尺度上的气候波动。该指标显示,相对于中世纪暖期后期,东亚季风强度在小冰期（1405–1850 AD）和在现代暖期（1955 AD）均存在明显的减弱,指示该时期台湾东北部-冲绳海槽南部地区处于相对湿润强降雨的气候环境。     

湘鄂西地区晚埃迪卡拉世-早寒武世硅质岩成因及其页岩气地质意义

湖北宜昌地区在寒武系水井沱组取得页岩气重大突破后，中扬子地区下寒武统富有机质页岩受到了更加广泛的关注。为了查明这套富有机质页岩的成因及其与下伏硅质岩之间的内在联系，系统采集了鄂西宜昌地区鄂宜地2井岩家河组和湘西桃源、张家界地区留茶坡组-牛蹄塘组的硅质岩，利用主量元素和稀土元素数据分析了硅质岩成因，并探讨了不同地区、不同沉积模式及其对下寒武统富有机质页岩形成的意义。结果表明:①鄂宜地2井岩家河组硅质岩的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值介于0.30~0.68，在Al-Fe-Mn三角判别图和Fe/Ti-Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)图解上集中分布在沉积成因区；稀土元素Eu异常不明显，配分曲线为平坦模式，且(La/Yb)_N介于1.01~1.81，指示岩家河组硅质岩为沉积成因。②湘西桃源和张家界地区的硅质岩明显分为两种成因。留茶坡组硅质岩Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值介于0.03~0.19，在Al-Fe-Mn三角图上靠近Fe一端，稀土元素表现明显的Eu正异常，且配分曲线以重稀土元素相对富集的左倾斜为主，指示明显的热液成因；牛蹄塘组硅质岩则表现相反，指示沉积成因。③埃迪卡拉纪末期，湘西斜坡地区靠近热液喷流中心，因此留茶坡组硅质岩以热液成因为主，而宜昌地区位于局限台地附近，富硅热液因受到阻隔而无法进入，因此硅质岩为沉积成因；至寒武纪早期，随着气候变暖、海平面上升，湘西和鄂西地区海水连通，因此该时期硅质岩均为沉积成因。埃迪卡拉纪末期的热液活动为海洋生物的繁盛提供了大量的磷等无机营养元素，对下寒武统水井沱组/牛蹄塘组富有机质页岩的形成具有重要的意义。沉积成因的硅质页岩相很可能是页岩气的有利相带，这或许能为页岩气勘探提供一个新的思路。      

冲绳海槽岩心沉积物稀土元素特征及物源指示

通过对比研究了冲绳海槽南部、中部、北部岩心沉积物的稀土元素(REEs)组成和分异特征,揭示了冲绳海槽不同区域的物源差异。由于火山物质和周围河流携带的陆源物质贡献程度不同,各岩心沉积物REE组成存在显著差异。∑REE、∑LREE具由南至北递减的趋势,北部具相对更高的∑HREE,南部次之。LREEs与HREEs间的分馏程度,LREEs、HREEs内部分馏程度均由南至北依次减小。从粒度、微量元素和稀土特征参数的垂向变化来看,岩心S3物源相对单一,沉积环境随时间变化较小,主要受长江和台湾河流沉积物控制。岩心S10、S9沉积物来源更为复杂多样(特别是S9),沉积环境在时间尺度上发生了较大的变迁。岩心S10层位1主要受黄河和长江沉积物控制,层位2具黄河沉积物和火山物质混合的特征,岩心S9层位1是黄河沉积物和火山物质混合的结果,层位2主要受黄河沉积物控制。     

SOLO分类理论视域下初中地理区域认知能力水平划分及教学启示

初中地理的教学内容以区域地理为主,提升学生的区域认知能力是初中地理教学的重要任务之一.本文在解读初中地理课程标准、课程内容的基础上,构建了初中地理区域认知能力模型框架,并运用SOLO分类理论对初中地理区域认知能力进行了水平划分;以初中地理区域认知能力水平划分为依据,对2021年北京市初中地理学业水平测试题及各区县模拟试题进行了分类,并据此提出了相应的教学建议.     

A STUDY OF RAPID DECAY TYPHOONS IN OFFSHORE WATERS OF CHINA

On the basis of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and yearbooks of CMA tropical cyclones, statistical analysis is performed for 1949—2013 offshore typhoons subjected to rapid decay(RD). This analysis indicates that RD typhoons are small-probability events, making up about 2.2% of the total offshore typhoons during this period. The RD events experience a decadal variation, mostly in the 1960 s and 1970 s(maximal in the 1970 s), rapidly decrease in the 1980 s and 1990 s and quickly increase from 2000. Also, RD typhoons show remarkable seasonal differences: they arise mainly in April and July-December, with the prime stage being in October-November. The offshore RD typhoons occur mostly in the South China Sea(SCS) and to a lesser extent in the East China Sea(ECS); however, none are observed over the Huang Sea and Bo Sea.Composite analysis and dynamic diagnosis of the RD typhoon-related large-scale circulations are performed.Physical quantities of the composite analysis consist of 500-h Pa height and temperature fields, vapor transfer, vertical wind shear(VWS), density of core convection(DCC), and high-level jet and upper-air outflow of the typhoon. The results suggest that(1) at the 500-h Pa height field, the typhoon is ahead of a westerly trough and under the effects of its passing trough;(2) at the temperature field, the typhoon is ahead of a temperature trough, with an invading cold tongue present;(3) at the vapor transfer field, water transfer into the RD typhoon is cut off; and(4) at higher levels, the related jet weakens and the outbreak of convection becomes attenuated in the typhoon core. In addition, VWS bears a relation to the RD typhoon; in particular, strong VWS favors RD occurrence.The differences in RD events between the SCS and ECS show that for the RD, the VWS of the ECS environmental winds is markedly stronger in comparison with its SCS counterpart. The cold advection invading into the typhoons is more intense in the SCS than in the ECS, and the low-level vapor transfer and high-level outflow are weaker in the SCS RD typhoons.Data analysis shows that sea surface temperature(SST), VWS, and DCC can be employed as efficient factors to predict RD occurrence. With appropriate SST, VWS, and DCC, a warning of RD occurrence can be given 36, 30-36,and 30 h, respectively, in advance. These values suggest that atmospheric SST responses lag. Owing to this time lag,the prediction of RD typhoons is possible.     

梅州地区两次雷暴过程的多尺度气象资料分析

利用闪电定位、多普勒雷达、探空数据以及自动气象站资料对2016年4月17日梅州地区的两次雷暴过程进行了分析。结果表明:两次雷暴过程均是强对流系统造成的,地闪以及降水空间分布呈北多南少特征;正闪密集时段,有明显降水以及风速突变特征,地闪密集区对应着强风切变区域;地闪变化与风速变化相关性明显,地闪较降水有一定的滞后性;地闪的密集区域与雷达回波强度中心基本吻合;多普勒雷达回波特征、不稳定层结参数特征均符合强对流系统的特征。     

我国地理科学跨世纪发展的五点意见

今后20年是我国地理科学跨世纪发展的奠基期和开拓期。就端正学科发展认识、建立地理科学体系、加强系统分析能力、巩固城市—区域发展研究领域和地理学工作者本身的调整等五个方面的问题发表了意见。     

中国海南：从经济特区到综合复合型自由贸易港的嬗变

海南自由贸易试验区与自由贸易港规划建设不仅是海南发展的需要,也是中国深化改革,扩大开放,实现经济转型以及应对国际竞争与挑战的重要措施与战略部署。相关研究就海南自由贸易试验区建设的必要性、可行性、模式与实施对策进行了初步分析。为构建自由贸易区的学术研究体系,完善海南自由贸易港规划建设的理论与实践,集中几位长期从事相关研究的地理、经济与规划学者,就海南自由贸易港的类型与功能、产业发展、空间结构、政策与监管以及风险防控等方面进行探讨,以期引起决策者与学术界的深入研究与探讨。     

乡村聚落空间优化研究（英文）

Optimizing rural settlements is an important measure to cope with rural decline, and improve the quality of rural life and attractions. This study introduces the "life quality theory". Based on the mechanisms governing the interactions between rural settlement space and life quality, this study examines how to optimize the spatial organization of rural settlements. Three aspects are evaluated – the integration of rural settlement spatial functions, optimization of spatial structure, and regulation of spatial scale – with the objective of building an optimization mode and framework for the spatial organization of rural settlements with high life quality. Our results suggest the following:(1) The settlement is the spatial carrier of life quality, which is an essential settlement component, and these two aspects influence and improve each other. Therefore, reasonable rural settlement space is an important precondition for higher life quality.(2) The spatial function types of rural settlements can be divided into those that maintain livelihoods, develop industry, and upgrade life quality. Optimizing spatial organization of rural settlements based on life quality requires promoting the maintenance of livelihood, integration of industrial development, and implantation in quality improvement.(3) There are two important components of optimizing the spatial organization of rural settlements. One is promoting the organic concentration of living, agricultural, and industrial spaces, the reasonable distribution of social intercourse, recreational, and services spaces, and the organic balance of living, production, and ecological spaces, so as to reasonably optimize the combination of internal spatial types in settlements. The other is forming a functional structure level of a "comprehensive village–featured village" and building spatial organization settlement modes connected by rural roads by relocating and adjusting the function of villages. These changes would require the destruction of underdeveloped villages, retaining normal villages, enlarging important villages, and constructing new villages.(4) As an ideal mode for optimizing rural settlements space based on life quality, the Rural Road-Oriented Development Model(RROD model) should be built at a rational scale for unit settlement and distance between settlements, leading to a fully functional RROD system with rational structure, auxiliary facility, and well-organized distribution.     

江西省鸟类种类统计与多样性分析

以《中国鸟类分类与分布名录》(第三版)为分类系统,以2017年鸟类种类统计为基础,对江西省的鸟类种类进行了重新整理,形成了最新的江西省鸟类名录。结果表明:截至20017年底,江西省鸟类有22目84科280属570种(620种和亚种),占我国鸟类1 445种的39.45%,其中259种为古北种(占江西省鸟类种数的45.44%),187种为东洋种(32.81%),124种为广布种(21.75%);有国家I级重点保护鸟类12种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类81种,江西省重点保护鸟类97种;中国特有种15种;IUCN极危物种4种,濒危物种11种,易危物种24种;CITES附录Ⅰ14种,附录Ⅱ61种。江西有留鸟和夏候鸟321种,占全省鸟类种数的56.31%,其中63种为古北种,170种东洋种,88种为广布种,说明江西留鸟和夏候鸟以东洋种为主。江西省鸟类多样性指数G指数、F指数和G-F指数分别为5.266、55.191和0.905。本次统计新增鸟类20种,其中灰翅鸫Turdus boulboul为2017年江西鸟类新纪录种,勺嘴鹬Calidris pygmeus、纵纹腹小鸮Athene noctua和四川短翅蝗莺Locustella chengi等11种为《中国鸟类分类与分布名录》(第三版)中江西有分布的种类,短嘴豆雁Anser serrirostris、北短翅蝗莺Locustella davidi和华南冠纹柳莺Phylloscopus goodsoni等8种为《中国鸟类分类与分布名录》(第三版)中分类新增种。名录中同时列出了各鸟种在《中国鸟类分类与分布名录》(第二版)和《中国观鸟年报"中国鸟类名录"5.0》中的序号,以利于鸟类研究和保护人员了解鸟类在不同分类系统中的分类地位,更好地服务于江西省的鸟类保护管理和科学研究。