防护林搭配灌草条件下的PIV实验研究

在低速风洞中,利用粒子图像测速仪(PIV),采用2帧-互相关的分析方法,对疏透度为30%、带前搭配灌草的防护林绕林流场的流动特征进行实验测量,获得其较大范围(11 H×3 H,H为防护林高度)绕林流场的速度矢量分布图、流速分布图和涡量分布图,与带前无草的防护林流场进行对比分析研究,并且利用CFD软件STAR CD对其数值模拟计算,从而发现防护林在搭配灌草条件下对防护林防护效应的影响。     

太湖长孢藻属(Dolichospermum)生物量长期动态变化及驱动因子

针对近年来太湖水体中长孢藻（Dolichospermum,曾用名鱼腥藻Anabaena）比例增加的趋势,本文研究了2005—2019年太湖春季不同湖区长孢藻生物量的长期变化趋势和空间差异,探究了冬、春季气象条件（气温、日照时长、风速、降雨量）和营养盐（总氮、总磷）水平对其的影响.结果表明,2005—2019年太湖监测数据显示春季长孢藻生物量有比较明显的升高现象,主要发生在竺山湖富营养程度较高的区域,其次是湖心区、梅梁湾和南部湖区.偏最小二乘路径建模（PLS-PM）结果表明,不同湖区长孢藻生物量变化的主要驱动因素存在差异.在湖心区,春季长孢藻的生物量主要受冬季气候条件（气温、风速、日照时长）的影响,其次受春季营养盐和春季气候条件的影响.在梅梁湾、竺山湖和南部湖区,春季长孢藻的生物量主要受春季气候条件的影响.在梅梁湾和竺山湖,春季风速、日照时长是春季长孢藻生物量的显著影响因子;在南部湖区,春季长孢藻生物量的主要驱动因素是春季的日照时长和春季气温.本研究从长时间序列角度,对太湖固氮蓝藻的时空分布特征和影响因素开展了研究,为太湖不同湖区开展针对性的藻类水华防控和富营养化治理提供理论基础.     

太湖流域浮游植物功能类群分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

太湖流域地处长江下游,水系发达,是典型的平原水网地区,为明确空间和环境因子对太湖流域浮游植物功能类群分布的影响,本研究于2019年8—9月期间比较太湖流域包括河流、湖泊和水库的85个采样点的浮游植物、空间和环境特征. 首次利用“人工智能图像识别技术”,并结合传统人工镜检,共鉴定浮游植物250个分类单位,隶属于9门13纲28目57科110属,以绿藻门(45.6%)、硅藻门(19.2%)和蓝藻门(16.4%)为主. 共划分功能类群31个,包括M、D、J、S1、C、Y、F、P、MP、H1、SN、W1、G、K和TB共15个优势功能类群. 结果表明：1)太湖流域不同水体功能类群组成差异显著,差异主要来自M、J、S1、Y、P、H1类群;2)浮游植物功能类群分布具有一定的空间异质性,以太湖为中心向外形成3个聚类组,物种组成类型依次为蓝藻型、蓝藻-绿藻-硅藻型、绿藻-硅藻-蓝藻型,主要贡献类群依次为M、S1类群,M、S1、P、J类群,P、S1、J、D、C类群;3)在太湖流域,相对于环境因子而言,空间因子对浮游植物功能类群组成的影响更大. RDA分析表明,COD_Mn、NO₃^--N、TN、SD、pH值和DO与太湖流域浮游植物优势功能类群呈显著相关. 过去十年,以控源截污为主导的环境管理政策已在太湖流域取得显著成效,但是对于以M、S1类群水华为特征的夏季太湖流域而言,蓝藻水华防控仍是必须面对的难题,有机污染物和氮的控制仍是关注重点,不同水体类型和浮游植物功能类群因地制宜的管控模式仍是关键.     

太湖入、出湖湖区磷的特征及其影响因素分析

为进一步了解人类活动及环境因子对太湖磷污染的贡献,揭示磷在太湖不同介质中的迁移转化规律,本文以太湖主要入湖湖区竺山湖、西部沿岸区、南部沿岸区和主要出湖湖区东太湖为对象,调查了表层水、上覆水、间隙水和沉积物中总磷(TP)分布的概况,分析了不同介质中磷的交换特征及其影响因素.结果表明,表层水和上覆水TP浓度基本相当,平均值均为0.10 mg/L,上覆水和间隙水TP差异较大,间隙水平均浓度约为上覆水的7倍,表层沉积物TP含量为474～2160 mg/kg.在本研究水域中,TP具有较强的沉积物吸附特性,沉积物作为“汇”的特征明显强于其“源”的特征,且磷的留存能力高度依赖于铁浓度.空间分布上,入湖湖区磷污染程度明显高于出湖湖区,竺山湖和西部沿岸区存在较大的底泥污染释放风险,但竺山湖外源污染影响较内源污染更加突出,应列为当前太湖磷治理重点关注的区域,建议以控源截污作为竺山湖周边区域的治理重点.西部沿岸区需注重外源和内源污染同步控制.南部沿岸区周边区域需妥善处理好未来经济发展与废水排放负荷的关系.     

1981-2001年珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区植被变化

Based on the NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1981 to 2001, the digitalized China Vegetation Map （1：1,000,000）, DEM, temperature and precipitation data, and field investigation, the spatial patterns and vertical characteristics of natural vegetation changes and their influencing factors in the Mt. Qomolangma Nature Reserve have been studied. The results show that： （1） There is remarkable spatial difference of natural vegetation changes in the Mt. Qomolangma Nature Reserve and stability is the most common status. There are 5.04% of the whole area being seriously degraded, 13.19% slightly degraded, 26.39% slightly improved, 0.97% significantly improved and 54.41% keeping stable. The seriously and slightly degraded areas, which mostly lie in the south of the reserve, are along the national boundaries. The areas of improved vegetation lie in the north of the reserve and the south side of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The stable areas lie between the improved and degraded areas. Degradation decreases with elevation. （2） Degeneration in the Mt. Qomolangma Nature Reserve mostly affects shrubs, needle-leaved forests and mixed forests. （3） The temperature change affects the natural vegetation changes spatially while the integration of temperature changes, slopes and aspects affects the natural vegetation change along the altitude gradients. （4） It is the overuse of resources that leads to the vegetation degeneration in some parts of the Mt. Qomolangma Nature Reserve.     

青藏高原植被覆盖变化与降水关系

The temporal and spatial changes of NDVI on the Tibetan Plateau, as well as the relationship between NDVI and precipitation, were discussed in this paper, by using 8-km resolution multi-temporal NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1982 to 1999. Monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall were used to analyze the seasonal changes, and annual maximum NDVI, annual effective precipitation and growing season precipitation (from April to August) were used to discuss the interannual changes. The dynamic change of NDVI and the corre- lation coefficients between NDVI and rainfall were computed for each pixel. The results are as follows: (1) The NDVI reached the peak in growing season (from July to September) on the Tibetan Plateau. In the northern and western parts of the plateau, the growing season was very short (about two or three months); but in the southern, vegetation grew almost all the year round. The correlation of monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall varied in different areas. It was weak in the western, northern and southern parts, but strong in the central and eastern parts. (2) The spatial distribution of NDVI interannual dynamic change was different too. The increase areas were mainly distributed in southern Tibet montane shrub-steppe zone, western part of western Sichuan-eastern Tibet montane coniferous forest zone, western part of northern slopes of Kunlun montane desert zone and southeastern part of southern slopes of Himalaya montane evergreen broad-leaved forest zone; the decrease areas were mainly distributed in the Qaidam montane desert zone, the western and northern parts of eastern Qinghai-Qilian montane steppe zone, southern Qinghai high cold meadow steppe zone and Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The spatial distribution of correlation coeffi- cient between annual effective rainfall and annual maximum NDVI was similar to the growing season rainfall and annual maximum NDVI, and there was good relationship between NDVI and rainfall in the meadow and grassland with medium vegetation cover, and the effect of rainfall on vegetation was small in the forest and desert area.     

横波地震探测应用实例CSCD

横波与纵波相比,具有速度低、频率低、波长短,且不受地下水影响的优点。因此横波地震勘探可以达到纵波地震勘探所无法达到的分辨率和精确度,能很好地完成对第四纪覆盖物及其下伏基岩探测的任务。这里以汉旺镇某地为例,介绍了横波地震在对浅层地区勘探的数据采集方法以及后期地震资料处理流程,结合相关资料,对浅层地层层面进行了划分,收到了较为理想的效果,从而得出了横波地震勘探技术具有实际可行性和良好的应用发展前景的结论。     

河南回族经济模式历史变迁研究

借助历史地理学的方法,从回族经济模式在河南不同历史时期的发展特点出发,分析了各个时期不同的回族经济模式对回族认同的历史作用。研究表明,河南回族经济在经历了唐宋时期"住豫"蕃客的商业活动、元代回族农业经济的兴起和定型、明清时期转向回族商业3个阶段后,在近代突出地域特色,出现了大量回族办实业现象,回族商业经济向新的高层次发展。在河南回族的发展历史过程中,回族认同始终通过经济模式的载体而得以充分展现出来。     

阿拉善盟矿山地质环境治理中存在问题及对策建议

本文针对阿拉善盟矿山地质环境治理过程中存在的问题进行了调研,并对问题的解决提出了对策和建议,供管理部门决策参考和读者参阅。     

甘肃芨岭铀矿床围岩蚀变特征及其与铀矿化的关系

以芨岭地区铀矿床碱交代蚀变岩石为研究对象,对该区碱交代作用蚀变的特征进行详细研究。结果表明:芨岭钠交代岩型铀矿床属断裂碱交代型铀矿床,矿床蚀变种类繁多,主要有钠长石化、绿泥石化、碳酸盐化、赤铁矿化、绢云母化和硅化等。蚀变组合及分布特征较明显,并与铀矿化关系密切。