南极磷虾渔业现状与展望

磷虾在分类地位上属甲壳动物纲（Ｃｒｕｓｔａｃｅａ）、磷虾目（Ｅｕｐｈａｕｓｉａｃｅａ）。全世界共有８５种，全部生活在海洋里，营浮游生活。个体较小，一般仅为十到几十毫米，是海洋浮游动物中一个重要类群。生活在南大洋的磷虾有７～８种。人们称作南极磷虾（Ａｎａｔａｒｃｔｉｃｋｒｉｌｌ）的通常是指其中的大磷虾（Ｅｕｐｈａｕｓｉａ　ｓｕｐｅｒｂａＤａｎａ）。成体大磷虾的体长约为５０～６０ｍｍ，体重约１８，尽管个体较小，但生物量庞大。鱼类、鸟类、海豹和须鲸都以它为生。近一二十年来南极磷虾成为南极研究的重点和热…     

2011 年春夏季黄、东海浮游植物粒级结构

通过2011年4月和8月利用"科学三号"考察船在黄、东海海域开展的春、夏季综合调查,研究了黄、东海浮游植物粒级结构的分布格局及其时空变动规律,探讨重要环境因子的变动对浮游植物粒级结构的影响。结果表明,春季表层水体中小型、微型和微微型粒级叶绿素a浓度的范围分别为0—4.36、0.02—2.27、0—2.66mg/m3,平均叶绿素a的浓度分别为0.56、0.31和0.14mg/m3,对叶绿素a总量的贡献率分别为55.4%、30.8%和13.8%。夏季表层由大至小3个粒级浮游植物叶绿素a浓度范围分别为:0—6.78、0—2.59、0—0.86mg/m3,平均叶绿素a含量依次为0.50、0.24和0.07mg/m3,对叶绿素a总量的贡献率分别为61.8%、30.1%和8.1%。春季小型浮游植物叶绿素a浓度的垂直分布较为均匀,微型和微微型浮游植物浓度随深度增加呈现逐渐下降趋势。夏季叶绿素a浓度出现明显分层现象,10m层以上小型和微型浮游植物浓度较高,10m层之下浓度迅速降低。微微型浮游植物浓度在不同水层都保持较低水平。受黄、东海不同季节水团影响而引起的温、盐以及营养盐分布格局的变化是影响黄、东海浮游植物粒级结构组成的重要因素。     

Zooplankton community structure,abundance and biovolume in Jiaozhou Bay and the adjacent coastal Yellow Sea during summers of 2005–2012: relationships with increasing water temperature

Zooplankton abundance, biovolume and taxonomic composition in Jiaozhou Bay and the adjacent coastal Yellow Sea were evaluated using ZooScan measurement of samples collected by net towing every August from 2005 to 2012. Zooplankton abundance and biovolume ranged from 1 938.5 to 24 800 ind./m~3 and 70.8 to 1 480.1 mm~3/m~3 in Jiaozhou Bay and 73.1 to 16 814.3 ind./m~3 and 19.6 to 640.7 mm~3/m~3 in the coastal Yellow Sea. Copepods were the most abundant group in both regions, followed by N octiluca scintillans and appendicularians in Jiaohzou Bay, and chaetognaths and N octiluca scintillans in adjacent coastal Yellow Sea. Over the study period, the most conspicuous hydrographic change was an increase in water temperature. Meanwhile, a general decrease in zooplankton abundance was observed, particularly in copepod populations. Based on redundancy analysis(RDA), the warming trend was the key environmental factor influencing to decrease of copepod abundance. The proportion of small-sized copepods increased while the mean size of all copepods decreased, in significant correlation with water temperature. Our results indicate that zooplankton, particularly copepods, are highly sensitive to change in water temperature, which is consistent with predicted impacts of warming on aquatic ectotherms. Due to their dominance in the zooplankton, the decline in copepod size and abundance could lead to an unfavourable decrease in energy availability for predators, particularly planktivorous fish.     

南海北部冬季和夏季浮游哲水蚤类群落

根据2004年2月10日-3月6日(冬季)和8月26日-9月6日(夏季)在南海北部的两个航次中用浮游动物大网垂直拖网采集的浮游动物样品,对该海域的浮游桡足类群落进行分析。结果表明,共发现哲水蚤类70种,冬季航次62种,夏季航次62种,种类的季节变化不大。在海洋站位,每个站位出现的哲水蚤类为4-41种,近岸的站位出现的种数少,向远海逐渐增多。哲水蚤总丰度冬季为10-353个/m3,夏季为13-205个/m3,从近岸到远海减少。哲水蚤生物量干重冬季为0.80-33.39mg/m3,夏季为0.64-5.81mg/m3,从近岸到远海减少。种类多样性指数采用香农-威弗指数,冬季为0.80-4.39,夏季为2.12-4.66,在近岸较低,远海较大。优势度大于2%的种被认为是优势种。冬季的优势种为:中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)、狭额真哲水蚤(Subeucalanus subtenuis)、弓角基齿水蚤(Clausocalanus arcuicornis)、长尾基齿水蚤(Clausocalanus furcatus)、达氏波水蚤(Cosmocalanus darwini)。夏季的优势种(类)为:微刺哲水蚤(Canthocalanus pauper)、小哲水蚤(Nannocalanus minor)、狭额真哲水蚤、亚强真哲水蚤(Subeucalanus subcrassus)、小拟哲水蚤、锥形宽水蚤(Temora turbinata)、柱形宽水蚤(T.stylifera)、异尾宽水蚤(T.discaudata)。这些种在各个站位占总丰度的15%-92%(平均为48%)。优势度大于5%的种有中华哲水蚤、小拟哲水蚤、狭额真哲水蚤、锥形宽水蚤、异尾宽水蚤,各种的丰度(除狭额真哲水蚤外)从近岸向远海降低。在远海深水的站位,出现了热带暖水种乳点水蚤属的腹突乳点水蚤(Pleuromamma abdominalis)、瘦乳点水蚤(P.gracilis)和粗乳点水蚤(P.robusta)。哲水蚤目种丰富度、桡足类丰度、多样性指数、优势种丰度从近岸到远海的变化趋势,反映了桡足类群落从近岸到远海的演替。     

胶州湾毛颚类生态学研究

根据2006年9月—2007年8月胶州湾浅水Ⅰ型浮游生物网的调查资料,分析了胶州湾毛颚类的种类组成、数量分布、摄食、生物量、生产力情况。结果表明,本次调查共出现毛颚类3种:强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)、拿卡箭虫(Sagitta nagae)和百陶箭虫(Sagitta bedoti)。其中强壮箭虫全年出现,在数量上占有绝对优势,年平均密度达到45.3ind/m3;拿卡箭虫和百陶箭虫在秋、冬、春季出现,年平均密度分别为0.17ind/m3和0.35ind/m3。通过推算得到胶州湾毛颚类年平均生物量为107.92mg/m2,年平均生产力为1.47mgC/(m2·d),占浮游动物总生产力的11.6%。毛颚类对浮游动物生物量和生产力的摄食压力在冬季达到全年最大值,分别为5.71%和83.47%,在春季、夏季、秋季毛颚类对浮游动物生物量的摄食压力分别为0.67%、0.08%、6.48%,对生产力的摄食压力分别为27.00%、2.48%和48.88%。由此可见,在冬季毛颚类的摄食对浮游动物群落结构等可能会产生重要影响。     

南极磷虾的生长与复眼晶椎数目关系的研究

本文从自然种群现场取样和实验室内活体培养两个方面对南极磷虾复眼中的晶椎数目与磷虾体之间的关系，在负生长状态下磷虾复眼中的晶椎数目的变化等进行了研究。实验结果表明：在正常情况下，磷虾复眼中晶椎数目与体长之间存在指数函数关系。     

Study on the metabolism of two dominant copepods: Calanoides acutus and Metridia gerlachei collected in summer from the marginal ice zone of the Prydz Bay, Antarctica

Metabolic rates (oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion) of two dominant copepods, Calanoides acutus and Metridia gerlachei, were measured during the austral summer (December 1998 January 1999), in the marginal ice zone of the Prydz Bay. Their elemental compositions (C and N) were also analysed through these metabolic experiments. The results showed that C. acutus was 48.4% 48.6% of dry weight in carbon content and 6.1% 6.5% of dry weight in nitrogen content. Metridia gerlachei was 47.1% 50.1% and 5.9% 7.4%, relatively. Oxygen consumption rates of C. acutus were variant in the different areas (0.226 to 0.774 μlO 2mg -1h -1). And its ammonia excretion rates ranged from 0.014 to 0.105 μgNmg -1h -1. The ratio between the rates (O∶N) exhibited a large difference(5 6 times). For Metridia gerlachei, oxygen consumption rates were 0.488 0.644 μlO 2mg -1 and ammonia excretion rates were 0.015 0.034 μgNmg -1h -1. From the results of metabolic rate measurements and elemental analyses, daily losses of body carbon and nitrogen were estimated to be 0.59% 1.99% and 0.44% 3.27%, respectively. The metabolic carbon requirements accounted for 0 6% 29 2% of primary production per day, and their excretion of ammonia occupied 0.2% 38.0% of daily phytoplankton nitrogen demand.     

白令海蓝细菌分布

1999年 7月～ 9月中国首次北极考察期间 ,研究了白令海 2个断面 8个站位海洋蓝细菌数量分布。蓝细菌数量变化在 0～ 7.93× 1 0 3 cell/ml之间 ,水平分布自南向北随纬度的增高而降低 ,在 6 0°N以北的 B1 - 1 2站没有检测到蓝细菌。垂直分布主要分布于 5 0 m以浅 ,最大值出现在B1 - 1站的 2 5 m水深。蓝细菌数量在 5 0 m以下迅速减少 ,到 1 5 0 m水深几乎没有。海水温度和NH+ 4 - N可能是影响蓝细菌数量分布的重要因素     

基于图像技术的胶州湾浮游动物优势种体型参数与生物量转换关系研究

利用ZooScan图像扫描技术,建立胶州湾浮游动物优势种中华哲水蚤和强壮箭虫体长、面积和体积与干重之间的回归关系.比较了不同季节、不同参数之间的差异.结果表明,不同月份的回归关系之间无显著差异,在三个体型参数中,面积拟合生物量的程度最好,是利用图像方法估算生物量最佳参数.中华哲水蚤和强壮箭虫体型-生物量转换关系可以分别表示为:lgDW=1.611gA+ 1.69,lgDW=1.541gA+l.32.     

长白山火山碎屑喷出物和熔岩地球化学特征及其对构造环境的指示意义

选取长白山火山碎屑喷出物(火山灰)和熔岩(浮岩、碱流岩、黑曜岩),对其进行岩石地球化学分析以确定其源区、演化过程和构造环境。研究表明,长白山火山碎屑喷出物和熔岩属于钾玄岩系列和高钾钙碱性系列,富K_2O+Na_2O,并具有高K_2O以及较高的Fe_2O_3含量,低CaO、MgO、TiO_2、P_2O_5和MnO含量,Mg#值变化范围为0.02～0.10,A/CNK的平均值为0.82,属于偏铝质岩石,稀土元素(REE)相对富集,轻重稀土分异强烈、轻稀土(LREE)相对富集、重稀土(HREE)亏损,铕负异常[δ(Eu)=0.04～0.15],大离子亲石元素(LILE) K、Sr、Ba等相对亏损,高场强元素(HFSE) Th、U、Ta、Nb、Hf相对富集,P、Ti等强烈亏损,Rb/Sr比值为3.23～93.33,在岩浆岩成因类型判别图上,所有样品均落在A型花岗岩区域内,说明其具有A型花岗岩成分特征。根据前人研究成果和本文所述的地球化学分析结果,可以说明长白山火山碎屑喷出物和熔岩可能起源于幔源岩浆的分异演化,在上侵时混染了地壳组分。长白山火山碎屑喷出物和熔岩形成于非造山板内拉张环境。