褐藻酸降解酶特性的初步研究

对从海带(Laminaria japonica)病烂处分离出的2株别单胞菌属的褐藻酸降解菌(简称菌株A1,A2)进行了褐藻酸钠降解能力及胞外产物中褐藻酸酶特性的初步分析。结果表明,2株褐藻酸降解菌中,菌株A2表现出较强的对褐藻酸钠的降解能力;同时菌株A2所分泌的褐藻酸酶在pH 6.0~8.0相对稳定,30℃以下酶不易失活。在较低离子浓度时,Mn2 ,Ba2 对反应有较强的促进作用,Ag 和Pb2 则有明显的抑制作用。     

孔石莼与2种海洋微藻的胞外滤液交叉培养研究

在实验室条件下,采用海洋大型海藻石莼(Ulva pertusaKjellm.)和海洋微藻青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolandicaKylin var.tsingtaoensis)、亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense(Lebour)Balech)的滤液做了交叉培养研究,初步探索藻间的克生机制。试验结果表明,不同温度处理下,2种微藻滤液对石莼生长的影响均有显著的差异。不同温度处理的石莼滤液对青岛大扁藻生长的影响差异显著,而对亚历山大藻生长的影响差异不显著。可以推测:石莼对亚历山大藻的抑制作用很可能是通过细胞的直接接触来完成的;而石莼对青岛大扁藻的抑制作用和两种微藻对石莼的抑制作用主要是通过分泌胞外产物(Extracellular products,ECP)来实现的,至于其它的方式和途径有待于进一步研究。     

中国海洋生态学的发展和展望

本文结合国际海洋生态学的研究历史,回顾了中国海洋生态学的发展历程。从海洋生物多样性、海洋生物生产力、海洋生态灾害以及大洋和极地研究等方面,总结了70年来中国在海洋生态学领域取得的成就。同时,指出了目前中国在此领域存在的问题、今后的发展方向和重点,为促进中国海洋生态学学科的发展和海洋生态文明建设具有重要指导意义。     

东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)对中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)摄食和消化酶活性的影响

采用单养和混养的方法,在实验条件下研究了东海原甲藻对中华哲水蚤摄食和消化酶活性的影响.结果表明:(1)中华哲水蚤对东海原甲藻存在一定摄食行为,藻类密度对摄食率有明显的影响.实验密度下,中华哲水蚤对东海原甲藻的最大摄食率为930cells/(ind·h).滤水率随着藻密度的增加而呈单一性的下降;(2)混养条件下,中华哲水蚤对金藻和东海原甲藻的摄食率均较单养时下降,滤水率的变化与摄食率相似;(3)不同藻密度下,昆布多糖酶活性都明显高于麦芽糖酶和纤维二糖酶的活性,而麦芽糖酶活性又稍高于纤维二糖酶的活性.与金藻相比,东海原甲藻实验组中华哲水蚤3种消化酶活性明显升高(P<0.05).     

Use of antioxidant enzymes of clam <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ruditapes philippinarum</Emphasis> as biomarker to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution

The typical organic pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) anthracene was selected as a contaminant to investigate its effects on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. The results show that SOD, CAT and GSH-Px had diff erent induction and inhibition reactions to anthracene stress, and that three diff erent organs in R. philippinarum (visceral mass, muscle tissue and mantle) had diff erent sensitivities to anthracene stress. This study suggest that SOD activities of the visceral mass, CAT activitities of the mantle and the visceral mass, and GSH-Px activity of the muscle tissue could be used as sensitive indicators of anthracene stress in R. philippinarum.     

Allelopathic effects of macroalga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Corallina pilulifera</Emphasis> on the red-tide forming alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Heterosigma akashiwo</Emphasis> under laboratory conditions

Over the past few years, harmful algal blooms (HABs), such as red tides, have been frequently observed in coastal zones worldwide. The natural allelopathic interactions among macroalgae and red tide microalgae can alter the structure and succession of aquatic ecosystems. We investigated the influence of four environmental factors (temperature, salinity, light, and pH) on the allelopathic effects of the macroalgae Corallina pilulifera on red-tide forming Heterosigma akashiwo under laboratory conditions. Each of the factors had four levels: temperature (15, 20, 25, and 30°C), salinity (10, 20, 30, and 40), light (20, 100, 200 and 400 μmol/(m²?s)), and pH (5.5, 7, 8.5, and 10. Two-factor experiments were designed for each two environmental factors, with six combination treatments (temperature-salinity, temperature-light, temperature-pH, salinity-light, salinity-pH, and light-pH). Results showed that the allelopathic effect was significantly influenced by temperature, salinity, light, and pH. As single factors, the low temperature (15°C), low salinity (10), high-intensity light (400 μmol/(m²?s)), and high pH (10) treatments substantially enhanced the allelopathic effect. The strongest allelopathic effect of C. pilulifera on H. akashiwo was observed under the following treatments: 15°C and salinity of 40, 25°C and pH 10, 25°C with medium- to high-intensity light at 200–400 μmol/(m 2 ?s), 400 μmol/(m²?s) and salinity of 10, 400 μmol/(m²?s) and pH 10, and pH 10 with a salinity of 40.     

小球藻与褐潮原因种-抑食金球藻间的相互作用研究

近年来渤海海域频繁暴发以抑食金球藻(Aureococcus anophagefferens)为主的褐潮对海水贝类养殖造成巨大的危害。筛选出既能强烈抑制抑食金球藻生长又可为养殖微环境中贝类提供饵料的微藻,并将其浓缩液缓释于贝类养殖的微环境中,将对降低褐潮的危害,提高养殖经济效益具有非常重要的实际应用价值。本实验以小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和抑食金球藻为实验材料,采用荧光定量PCR技术监测抑食金球藻的细胞密度,研究了抑食金球藻在单培养体系中的生长情况、与小球藻共培养时两种微藻生长情况的变化以及小球藻培养滤液对其生长和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。研究结果表明:(1)在单培养体系中,抑食金球藻的生长曲线可用逻辑斯谛增长模型拟合,随着起始密度的增加,环境容量(K)逐渐减小;而抑食金球藻的种群瞬间增长率(r)、进入拐点时间及稳定期细胞密度均较为接近;(2)当小球藻与抑食金球藻以不同起始密度比共同培养时,抑食金球藻的生长均受到了显著地抑制(P0.05),且随着小球藻比例的升高抑制作用加强;(3)滤液培养实验发现,≥10m L小球藻培养滤液的加入可对抑食金球藻的生长和叶绿素荧光参数产生显著的影响(P0.05),生长速度减缓或滞长,叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、alpha的值降低,Ik的值增加,PSⅡ受到损害,随着滤液加入量的增加,损害程度加深,并且不可恢复。     

十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)胁迫对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)摄食与选食的影响

实验生态条件下研究十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)的急性毒性胁迫对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Branchionus plicatilis)运动行为与摄食行为的影响,探讨可用以表征胁迫-响应的生物标志物。结果表明:(1)BDE-209胁迫24h显著性增加了褶皱臂尾轮虫的运动抑制率,由此得到24h半数有效抑制浓度(24h-EC_(50))为9.084mg/L,但未达到半数致死作用;(2)当分别以四种海洋微藻:小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)、青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolandica)、等鞭金藻8701(Isochrysis galbana)和小新月菱形藻(Cylindrotheca closterium)为单一饵料来源时,褶皱臂尾轮虫对四种饵料单胞藻的滤水率(F)和摄食率(G)均随着胁迫时间和胁迫浓度的增加而不断下降,呈现出明显的浓度依赖性,说明BDE-209胁迫能显著抑制褶皱臂尾轮虫的摄食作用。(3)将其中三种微藻等生物量混合投喂时,褶皱臂尾轮虫对三种微藻的滤水率和摄食率与单一饵料投喂条件相比均发生变化,且对各种微藻的选食率(Sr)和摄食总生物量均随着胁迫时间和浓度的增加呈下降趋势,选择性指数(Si)发生变化,对小球藻的摄食选择性最高。滤水率的变化较其它指标更敏感,可用以指示浮游动物在个体水平上响应外源环境变化的标志物。结果表明,BDE-209胁迫能有效改变褶皱臂尾轮虫的摄食与选食行为,且其最适宜的饵料是小球藻。     

大叶藻种子萌发环境条件研究

大叶藻海草床的退化和恢复受到国内外学者的广泛关注,而大叶藻种子萌发则是恢复实践中的一项关键技术。为了提高大叶藻种子萌发率,本研究在实验室可控条件下,采用正交实验对影响大叶藻种子萌发的环境因素(盐度、温度、N/P营养盐浓度及p H)进行了优化,并在优化条件下进一步探究了光质类型、UV-B辐射、低温层积和划破种皮对大叶藻种子萌发和平均萌发时间的影响。结果表明:盐度12、温度10°C、N/P营养盐浓度960/60μmol/L、p H 6.2是大叶藻种子相对适宜的萌发条件组合;黑暗条件下大叶藻种子萌发率最高,为92%,不同类型光质照射不促进大叶藻种子萌发率的提高,但红光照射可在短期内加速种子萌发;在一定强度范围内,种子萌发率随UV-B辐射时长的增加而升高,每日辐射8h,处理8周后种子萌发率可达93%。划破种皮和低温层积均可显著提高大叶藻种子的萌发率并缩短平均萌发时间,经划破种皮处理后,2周内种子萌发率可提高至91%。